Auto-injector

ABSTRACT

Provided is a cassette unit suitable for use with an auto-injector having a drive unit. The cassette unit comprises a cassette unit housing defining a cassette unit housing cavity arranged for receipt of a syringe; a needle projection aperture; a needle cover defining a needle sheath for sheathing of a needle tip of the syringe; a removable cap that in a capping position fits over and thereby, acts such as to close off, the needle projection aperture, the removable cap defining a cap interior; provided to the removable cap, a cap insert; and provided to the cap insert, a connector defining one or more needle cover gripping elements for gripping the needle cover and the connector defines a central hub and the one or more needle gripper elements attach to the central hub and in spaced arrangement relative to each other, wherein the connector locates within the removable cap such that the central hub of the connector is in spaced relationship with a forward end wall or surface of the cap interior and the needle cover gripping elements project away from the forward end cap wall or surface of the cap interior and towards the open end of the cap, and wherein the removable cap is shaped to allow for limited axial travel of the cap insert there within.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to an auto-injector device for receipt of a syringe that is suitable for use in the injected delivery of a drug formulation to a patient.

It is well-known to use syringes for the delivery of injectable liquid drug formulation to a patient. Syringes rely on puncturing of the patient's skin by a hollow needle through which the injectable liquid drug (e.g. in solution or suspension form) is delivered to the muscle or tissue of the patient. Typically, syringes comprise a barrel for containing a volume of the liquid drug; a hollow needle defining a needle tip for dispensing of the liquid; and a plunger that is axially movable within the barrel.

It is also well-known to provide auto-injectors for use with syringes. Such auto-injectors typically comprise a body for housing the syringe and an actuating mechanism, which is triggered in use, to allow for automatic delivery of the liquid drug formulation from the syringe. Actuating mechanisms typically comprise a source of drive (e.g. a strong spring) for drivable movement of a drive transfer element (e.g. a plunger rod) that transfers drive to the plunger for axial movement thereof within the syringe barrel. Such movement of the plunger results in the plunged driving of the liquid drug from the syringe barrel to the hollow needle for dispensing to the patient via the needle tip thereof.

For safety and hygiene reasons, it is desirable that the hollow needle does not protrude from the housing of the auto-injector other than when expelling the liquid drug formulation during an injection procedure. Thus, auto-injectors have been developed in which, the housing is arranged such that a needle receiving part allows for the needle of the syringe to be axially moveable therein from a first (i.e. rest) position in which the hollow needle is shrouded by the needle receiving part to a second (i.e. use) position in which at least the tip of the needle protrudes from that needle receiving part of the housing for penetrating the skin of the patient to an injection position. Only when the needle is at such injection position should it be possible for drug delivery to commence. Thus, auto-injectors have been developed which provide a two stage actuating mechanism, which first acts to transfer drive force to move the syringe from the ‘rest’ to the ‘use’ position, and which only then secondly acts to transfer drive force to the plunger for expelling of liquid drug contents from the syringe barrel.

The majority of auto-injectors are configured as a single device that incorporates both syringe and actuating mechanism in the same device housing. It is common for such devices to be arranged to be disposable such that following injected delivery of the liquid drug formulation, and typically also following retraction of the syringe back into the housing, the whole device may be safely disposed of.

SUMMARY

It has been proposed to configure auto-injectors to include an electrically powered source of drive. Such configurations are particularly suitable for use by patients whose manual dexterity is so compromised (e.g. due to severe arthritis) that electrical powering is of real practical assistance. The use of electrically powered drive systems can also allow for more complex drive arrangements (e.g. two speed injection procedures) to be engineered. Furthermore, electrical powered devices can also be arranged to include electrical control systems and electronic data management systems including those that provide information and feedback to the patient by means of a suitable user interface.

In some situations, it is undesirable for an electrically powered auto-injector to be fully disposable. Auto-injectors disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, include both a re-useable drive unit comprising an electrically powered source of axial drive and a cassette unit comprising a syringe, which releasably interfits with the drive unit and can be arranged to be disposable. The housing of the drive unit defines a docking cavity arranged for docking receipt of the cassette unit at a docking position. Such auto-injectors may be ‘environmentally friendly,’ where the majority of components are retained to be used for further injection procedures. It also allows for the drive unit to be fitted with additional features such as electronics, which may not be cost effective on a completely disposable device.

The cassette unit comprises a cassette unit housing defining a cassette unit housing cavity and a needle projection aperture. The cassette unit housing cavity is arranged for receipt of a standard syringe comprising a barrel for containing a volume of a liquid drug formulation, a hollow needle at a front end of said barrel defining a needle tip for dispensing of the liquid drug formulation and a plunger that is axially movable within the barrel. Either the syringe or the cassette unit and syringe held thereby is movable within the drive unit housing from a rest position, in which the needle tip of the syringe is within the drive unit housing to a use position, in which the needle tip protrudes from a needle delivery aperture of the drive unit housing. In embodiments, the cassette unit is also provided with a removable cap that fits over and thereby, acts such as to close off, the needle projection aperture. In embodiments, connecting to the removable cap, there is also provided a needle cover defining a needle sheath arranged in a sheathing configuration for sheathing of said needle tip.

The drive unit includes a drive arrangement comprising an electrically powered source of axial drive. In certain implementations, the drive unit includes a first drive transfer element for transferring the axial drive to the cassette unit for advancing the syringe to said use position, and a second drive transfer element for subsequently transferring the axial drive to the plunger of the syringe for moving the plunger into the barrel of the syringe to eject at least part of the volume of liquid drug formulation.

One problem associated with the use of such a cassette unit is to minimise the effects of shock (e.g. impact shock) when the cassette unit is dropped (e.g. onto a hard surface) or mishandled in such a way as to introduce shock thereat/thereto. In aspects, the cassette unit end-cap and the flange of the syringe are in relatively close proximity, which potentially leaves little room to decelerate the syringe during shock or impact. One possible negative consequence of such shock could be fracture of the syringe within the cassette unit.

In solution to the above problem, where the removable cap is provided with a connector defining one or more needle cover gripping elements for gripping the needle cover and the connector defines a central hub such that the one or more needle gripper elements attach to the central hub and in spaced arrangement relative to each other, the removable cap is provided with a cap insert, at least part of the connector is provided to (e.g. locates within) the cap insert, and the removable cap is shaped to allow for limited axial travel (e.g. in the rearwards direction) of the cap insert there within.

Applicant has found that allowing for limited (e.g. rearwards) axial travel of the cap insert within the removable cap can potentially reduce the effects of shock (e.g. impact shock) when the cassette unit is dropped (e.g. onto a hard surface) or mishandled in such a way as to introduce shock thereat/thereto.

In developments, the cassette unit may further be provided with a damping element defining a damping relationship between the cassette unit end-cap and the flange of the syringe, thereby acting to damp movement of the syringe relative to the cassette unit end cap. In embodiments, the damping element thereby reduces the effect of any such relative movement of the syringe and cassette unit end cap as may arise from the effects of shock (e.g. shock impact). In embodiments, this damping element feature may thus, act in tandem with the cap insert feature.

According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a cassette unit for use with an auto-injector having an electrically powered drive unit, said cassette unit comprising

-   -   a cassette unit housing defining a cassette unit housing cavity         and a needle projection aperture;     -   said cassette unit housing cavity arranged for receipt of a         syringe comprising         -   a barrel for containing a volume of a liquid drug             formulation;         -   a hollow needle at a front end of said barrel, said hollow             needle defining a needle tip for dispensing of said liquid             drug formulation; and         -   a plunger that is axially movable within the barrel;     -   a needle cover defining a needle sheath for sheathing of said         needle tip;     -   a removable cap that in a capping position fits over and         thereby, acts such as to close off, the needle projection         aperture, said removable cap defining a cap interior;     -   provided to said removable cap, a cap insert; and     -   provided to said cap insert, a connector defining one or more         needle cover gripping elements for gripping said needle cover         and said connector defines a central hub and said one or more         needle gripper elements attach to said central hub and in spaced         arrangement relative to each other,     -   wherein the connector locates within the removable cap such that         the central hub of the connector is in spaced relationship with         a forward end wall or surface of said cap interior and the         needle cover gripping elements project away from said forward         end cap wall or surface of the cap interior and towards the open         end of the cap,     -   and wherein the removable cap is shaped to allow for limited         axial travel of the cap insert there within.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided an auto-injector comprising

-   -   (a) a cassette unit as described herein; and     -   (b) a drive unit.

In certain implementations, the drive unit includes a housing defining a docking cavity and a needle delivery aperture, wherein said docking cavity is arranged for docking receipt of said cassette unit at a docking position. The cassette unit and/or said syringe is movable from a rest position, in which the needle tip of the syringe is within the drive unit housing to a use position, in which the needle tip protrudes from said needle delivery aperture.

The auto-injector may also include a drive arrangement comprising

-   -   one or more electrically powered sources of axial drive;     -   a first drive transfer element for transferring said axial drive         to the cassette unit and/or to the syringe for advancing the         syringe to said use position; and     -   a second drive transfer element for subsequently transferring         the axial drive to the plunger slaving part and hence, to the         plunger of the syringe for moving the plunger into the barrel of         the syringe to eject at least part of said volume of liquid drug         formulation.

These and other embodiments are set forth in the later description, which describes for illustrative purposes only various embodiments thereof.

In relation to aspects of the auto-injector device described herein the term ‘forward’ is used to mean that end of the device, which locates closest to the injection site in use (i.e. the needle tip end) and the term ‘rear’ or ‘rearward’ is used to mean that end of the device, which locates furthest from the injection site in use. The term axial herein is used by reference to an axis, which runs from the forward end of the device to the rearward end of the device, and which typically corresponds to the axis of the syringe.

There is provided an auto-injector device that is arranged for use with a syringe that contains a liquid drug formulation. The syringe is arranged to be suitable for use in the injected delivery of the liquid drug formulation to a patient.

The auto-injector comprises both a drive unit and a cassette unit receivable by the drive unit. The individual drive unit and cassette unit parts thereof comprise further separate aspects of the present invention. In embodiments the drive unit and cassette unit are provided as a kit of parts.

Auto-injectors comprising both a drive unit comprising an electrically powered source of axial drive and a cassette unit comprising a syringe, which releasably interfits with the drive unit already have been described in Applicant's PCT publications WO2012/164,390; WO2012/164,402; WO2012/164,404; WO2012/164,389; WO2012/164,397; WO2012/164,394; WO2013/001378; WO2012/164,406; and WO2012/164,403 and Applicant's PCT patent applications PCT/EP2013/065934; PCT/EP2013/065938; PCT/EP2013/065939; and PCT/EP2013/065940, the contents of all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety and made part of this application.

Cassette Unit

The cassette unit comprises a cassette unit housing defining a cassette unit housing cavity. The cassette unit housing cavity is arranged for receipt of a syringe and is therefore typically sized and shaped for this purpose. The cassette unit housing may be arranged as a single part or a multi-part (e.g. two part) cassette unit housing assembly.

In embodiments, the syringe is held in generally fixed fashion within the cassette unit housing. In other embodiments, the syringe is movable within the cassette unit housing such as in a direction parallel with or along the drive axis.

In embodiments, wherein the syringe is held in generally fixed fashion within the cassette unit housing, at least the needle tip of the syringe normally protrudes out of the cassette unit housing cavity such as from a needle projection aperture thereof.

In other embodiments, the syringe is movable within the cassette unit housing from a first position, in which the needle tip of the syringe is within the cassette unit housing to a second position, in which at least the needle tip protrudes from a needle projection aperture thereof.

The syringe that is receivable within the cassette unit housing cavity comprises a syringe barrel for holding a volume of the liquid drug formulation; a hollow needle at a front end of the barrel, the hollow needle defining a needle tip for dispensing of said liquid drug formulation; and a plunger (e.g. in the form of a rubber stopper) that is axially movable within the syringe barrel. The syringe plunger is movable axially within the barrel so as to enable the liquid drug formulation to be expelled from the barrel and thence through the hollow needle via the dispensing tip for injection into the patient. The syringe barrel is typically comprised of glass but may also be comprised of a relatively hard plastic polymer such as hardened polyethylene, polycarbonate or cyclic olefin polymers.

In embodiments, the plunger is comprised of a natural or synthetic polymer friction material, which frictionally interacts with the side wall of the syringe barrel. Suitable plunger materials include natural or synthetic rubbers or elastomeric materials.

In more detail, the syringe barrel is selected such as to define a barrel chamber for containing a suitable volume of the liquid drug formulation. In embodiments, that suitable volume is selected to correspond to a single dose of the drug formulation to be delivered to the patient. In other words, delivery of that single dose involves expelling all of the liquid drug formulation contents of the barrel chamber through the hollow needle for injection into the patient.

In embodiments, the rear end of the syringe barrel is provided with an end flange. In embodiments, the forward end of the syringe barrel is shaped to provide a shoulder. In embodiments, forward of that shoulder the syringe narrows further into a neck, which typically forms the needle-holding part thereof.

In embodiments, the needle barrel is provided with a barrel sleeve that is arranged to fit over part or all of the length of the needle barrel. The barrel sleeve may also extend out beyond the syringe barrel to wholly or partly enclose a length of the forward shoulder of the syringe barrel and of the hollow needle that extends from (the forward shoulder) of the syringe barrel.

In embodiments, the cassette unit is arranged to accommodate multiple syringe sizes. Common sizes of syringe include the 2.25 ml syringe and the 1 ml ‘long’ syringe, which has a smaller syringe barrel diameter.

In embodiments, accommodation of multiple syringe sizes within the same cassette unit geometry is achievable by providing suitable adapters to the barrel of the syringe. In embodiments, sleeve form adapters are employed.

In embodiments, the sleeve form adapter is arranged for receipt by the syringe barrel and fits at least partly over the flange of the rear end of the syringe barrel. In embodiments, the sleeve adapter is arranged for snap fitting over the end flange of the syringe. In embodiments, the flange is effectively capped by the relevant ‘end flange’ part of the sleeve form adapter.

In embodiments, a major portion of the syringe barrel and end flange thereof is in use, sleeved by the sleeve form adapter. The overall effect of this sleeving of a major portion is firstly to increase the effective diameter of the syringe barrel; secondly to provide strengthening reinforcement to the end flange; and thirdly to increase the effective length of the syringe.

In one particular embodiment, the cassette unit is shaped and sized based on the geometry of the larger 2.25 ml syringe. A syringe having a smaller outer dimension (e.g. a 1 ml ‘long’ syringe) may then be accommodated in this same cassette unit by use of a sleeve adapter that effectively functions to adapt the outer syringe geometry (e.g. the outer diameter thereof) to closely correspond to or to be identical with that of the 2.25 ml syringe.

In embodiments, adding a sleeve adapter to the smaller diameter 1 ml ‘long’ syringe can make it slightly longer than the 2.25 ml syringe. In embodiments, when the cassette unit is assembled with the 2.25 ml syringe, an adapter ring may be added underneath the syringe flange to make its effective flange thickness the same as that of a smaller 1 ml syringe with a sleeve adapter.

In embodiments, the sleeve adapter is provided with one or more slits in the wall(s) of the sleeve adapter such as to define flexible fingers, which allow the adapter to flex open. In embodiments, the presence of such flexible fingers is of utility during assembly of the sleeved syringe as the needle cover (e.g. rigid needle shield), which typically has a larger diameter than the syringe barrel, passes through the centre of it when the syringe is pressed into the adapter. In embodiments, the end flange at the rear end of the syringe then snaps into the rear end of the adapter such that the syringe is locked into the adapter once assembled.

In embodiments, one or more positioning and/or retaining features are provided to the cassette unit housing for positioning and/or retaining the syringe and sleeve form adapter in the cassette unit housing cavity. In embodiments, the one or more positioning and/or retaining features comprise one or more snap features provided interiorly to the cassette unit housing.

In certain implementations, the ability of the cassette unit to accommodate syringes of different sizes confers certain advantages. In the case of drive units with a variable performance across the injection stroke it may be advantageous in some circumstances to use a syringe of larger bore diameter because the same volume of drug can be delivered from a shorter injection stroke, thereby enabling the drive unit performance to be optimized.

Similarly, for a given combination of needle and drug (same needle bore and viscosity) the volume injected per unit displacement of the plunger is greater in the case of a wider bore syringe by a factor proportional to the square of the difference in syringe diameter. A faster injection can therefore be achieved for the same plunger displacement velocity. In this case the force applied by the plunger will be greater in the larger syringe due to the increase in volumetric flow rate. This may be useful in cases where the maximum displacement velocity is limiting.

Also, the flexibility in dose delivery rate provided by variable syringe sizes may also be beneficial in optimizing the power requirements of the electrically powered drive unit. Thus, in embodiments this may limit peak current drain of the batteries thereby enabling smaller batteries to be used, maximizing the time between recharge or replacement and/or prolonging their useful life.

It has been appreciated that to reduce the risk of the syringe shattering under the loads associated with injecting the drug, it is important for a majority of the load path to travel through the shoulder at the forward end of the syringe and lesser load to pass through the flange at the rear end of the syringe.

In embodiments, the forward shoulder of the syringe is provided with one or more shoulder support features. In embodiments, the one or more shoulder support features are integral (e.g. integrally formed) with the cassette unit housing. In other embodiments, the one or more shoulder support features are defined by one or more separate shoulder support parts provided to the cassette unit.

In embodiments, the one or more shoulder support features locate (e.g. in snap-fit arrangement) between the needle cover (e.g. rigid needle shield) and the forward shoulder of the syringe. In embodiments, the sleeve adapter as described above, is provided with such one or more shoulder support features that in embodiments, snap-fit between the needle cover (e.g. rigid needle shield) and the forward shoulder of the syringe. This snap fitting is typically enabled after the syringe assembly has been pressed through the sleeve adapter during the assembly operation.

In embodiments, a clearance space is defined between the bottom of the syringe flange and the closest surface of the sleeve adapter. In embodiments, the sleeve form adapter acts to space the end flange of the syringe from the inner walls of the cassette unit housing. In embodiments, when the syringe is loaded within the cassette unit housing the flange of the syringe is spaced from the inner walls of the cassette unit housing and/or the sleeve adapter and in embodiments, is not in contact with anything.

In embodiments, a ring of (e.g. compliant such as resilient or flexible) material such as rubber or a suitable synthetic polymeric material is employed to bear some of the load on the flange and/or to accommodate tolerances. In embodiments, that ring of material is arranged for receipt over the shoulder support feature. In embodiments, the ring of material acts such as to secure the shoulder support feature in place such as by securing a snap-fit arrangement in place.

In embodiments, at least part of the syringe or syringe/sleeve adapter combination interacts with (e.g. inserts into) a constraining feature of the cassette unit housing that has a tight clearance between its inner walls and the outside diameter of the standard (e.g. 2.25 ml) syringe. In embodiments, this constraining feature of the cassette unit housing interacts with the shoulder and/or neck of the syringe. In embodiments, the constraining feature of the cassette unit housing that constrains the syringe also prevents the sleeve adapter from flexing outwards when the injection loads are applied to the syringe. With the rear end of the sleeve adapter (e.g. any defined fingers thereof) securely snapped under the shoulder of the syringe and so prevented from flexing outwards, the syringe is effectively secured within the cassette unit housing. In embodiments, if this were not the case the force applied to the syringe during injection could push the fingers open and enable the syringe to push through.

The hollow needle defines a needle bore, which is most typically of circular cross-section and of selected bore diameter. It may be appreciated that in embodiments, the bore diameter may affect the force required to expel the liquid drug formulation through the needle and also the velocity at which the liquid drug formulation is expelled.

The selected needle bore may also, in embodiments affect the degree of patient discomfort during injection. Smaller bore diameters, typically provide more patient comfort, whereas larger bore diameters enable more rapid/lower force delivery of the liquid through the needle. A compromise is therefore needed in selecting a needle bore to provide acceptable patient comfort and liquid delivery through the needle characteristics.

Examples of typical needles that are suitable for use therein include 12.5 mm (“half inch”) long thin wall needles of grade 23G, 25G or 27G. These have a needle bore of from about 0.2 to 0.4 mm such as from 0.25 to 0.35 mm. Other examples include both regular and thin wall needles used in conventional syringes including those with bevels such as 3 and 5 bevels.

The cassette unit housing and any inner cassette unit housing sub assembly thereof is shaped to define a cassette unit housing cavity within which the syringe is receivable, and in embodiments, a needle projection aperture. The cassette unit housing cavity is typically cylindrical in form, thereby matching the typically cylindrical outer profile of a syringe. The cassette unit housing cavity may be further shaped with any manner of grooves, indentations or other shaping or surface details to define a ‘lock and key’ relationship between the cassette unit housing and any inner cassette unit housing sub assembly thereof and the syringe. Colour guides, arrows and any other surface markings may also be employed.

Typically, the cassette unit housing and/or any inner cassette unit housing sub assembly thereof is provided with a barrel receiving part for receiving the barrel of the syringe; a plunger receiving part for receiving the plunger of the syringe; and in embodiments, a needle receiving part for receiving the hollow needle of the syringe.

In embodiments, the plunger receiving part of the cassette unit housing and/or any inner cassette unit housing sub assembly thereof allows the plunger within the syringe barrel to be received thereby and for the plunger to be movable (e.g. axially) therein from a first position to a second position, in which it is moved somewhat into the syringe barrel. During use the plunger is in embodiments, movable to a fully plunged position at which, in most embodiments all of the liquid drug formulation contents of the barrel have been expelled.

In embodiments, the needle receiving part of the cassette unit housing and/or any inner cassette unit housing sub assembly thereof includes a needle projection aperture through which the hollow needle may protrude from the housing, for example during expelling of the liquid drug formulation through the hollow needle and its needle tip for delivery to the patient.

In embodiments, the syringe is movable within the cassette unit housing cavity from a rest position, in which the needle tip is within the cassette unit housing to a use position, in which the needle tip protrudes from the needle projection aperture. In other embodiments, the syringe is in fixed relationship with the cassette housing in which, typically the needle tip protrudes from the needle projection aperture.

Where the syringe is movable in the cassette unit housing, it may desirable for safety and hygiene reasons that the needle does not protrude from (i.e. out with) the cassette unit housing other than when expelling the liquid drug formulation during an injection procedure. Thus, the cassette unit housing and/or any inner cassette unit housing sub assembly thereof and cassette unit housing cavity defined thereby is generally arranged such that the needle receiving part thereof allows for the needle of the syringe to be axially moveable therein from a first position in which the needle is wholly housed (or shrouded) by the needle receiving part to a second position in which at least the tip of the needle protrudes from that needle receiving part of the cassette unit housing.

In embodiments, where the syringe is movable within the cassette unit the cassette unit housing includes biasing means (e.g. a spring) arranged such that the needle is normally biased towards the first position, wherein such biasing means are overcome during the actuation of the syringe (e.g. by an actuating mechanism) to allow for movement of the needle to the second position.

In embodiments, it is desirable for cassette unit housing to allow for the needle of the syringe to be retracted into the housing after use. Thus, it is desirable to be able to retract the needle back into the needle receiving part of the cassette unit housing after the injection procedure, that is to say to retract the needle from the second position to a retracted position that may in embodiments, correspond to the first position or in other embodiments, correspond to a third position, which in embodiments is further away from the needle projection aperture. A needle retract mechanism may thus, be provided to the cassette unit housing (e.g. responsive to a biasing means such as a light return spring) to retract the syringe needle back into the cassette unit housing.

In embodiments, it is desirable for the cassette unit housing to allow for the needle of the syringe to be shrouded by a needle shroud element after use. Thus, in particular it is desirable to be able to provide a means of shrouding the needle of the syringe that is moved or otherwise brought into operation after completion of the injection procedure. Such means in embodiments comprises a movable shroud element that is adapted to be movable to a shrouding configuration at the end of the injection procedure.

In embodiments, the cassette unit housing is provided with a removable cap that fits over and thereby, acts such as to close off, the needle projection aperture. It may therefore, be appreciated that when in the capped position, the removable cap acts such as to prevent ingress of contaminants into the needle receiving part of the housing.

In embodiments, the syringe further comprises a needle cover defining a needle sheath arranged in a sheathing configuration for sheathing (e.g. sealing) of the needle tip.

In embodiments, the needle sheath is comprised of a (e.g. resiliently) compressible material such as a natural or synthetic rubber material. In a storage configuration, the needle tip sticks into (e.g. is spiked or staked into) the needle sheath such that sealing of the needle tip is achieved. Usually, at least the first 3 to 4 mm of the needle tip end is so sheathed. It will be appreciated that for clinical reasons, the sealing of the needle tip acts in embodiments, such as to prevent passage of contaminant, bacterial or otherwise, through the needle tip and thus into the needle bore and syringe barrel chamber. Sterile sealing is preferred.

In embodiments, the needle cover is provided with a needle sheath cover for covering the needle sheath thereof. In embodiments, the needle sheath cover is comprised of a rigid material (e.g. polypropylene). In embodiments, the needle sheath cover is provided with one or more gripping elements (e.g. hooks) arranged for gripping of the needle sheath. In embodiments, the needle sheath is provided with one or more features arranged for receipt of the one or more gripping elements such as one or more indents, grooves or cavities.

In embodiments, the needle cover is provided to (e.g. fixed to or integral with) a removable cap for the cassette unit housing. Thus, in embodiments, the needle cover projects within the cap such that when the removable cap is in the capped position the needle sheath and any needle sheath cover therefor is arranged for receipt of the needle tip of the syringe. In such embodiments, when in the capped position, the needle tip is sheathed by the needle sheath, and when the cap is removed the needle sheath and any needle sheath cover therefor are also removed such as to thereby, unsheathe the needle tip. In embodiments, the removable cap defines an essentially closed cylindrical cap chamber, optionally tapering, and the needle sheath and any needle sheath cover are provided along the axis of that cylindrical chamber.

In embodiments, the interior of the removable cap is provided with a connector defining one or more needle cover gripping elements for gripping the needle cover (i.e. gripping the needle sheath and/or any needle sheath cover therefor). In embodiments, such gripping elements are arranged for gripping of the needle cover when in the capping position. In embodiments such gripping elements are (e.g. additionally) arranged for gripping of the needle cover on removal of the cap such that removal of the cap also results in removal of the needle cover and hence, unsheathing of the needle tip. In embodiments, the needle cover gripping elements are arranged to project away from the top inner surface (e.g. of the cylindrical cap chamber) of the removable cap and towards its open end.

In embodiments, the connector comprises one or more needle cover gripping elements (e.g. gripping legs) attaching to a central hub. In embodiments, the connector is in the form of a cage-like needle cover gripper. In embodiments, each gripping element (e.g. leg) is provided (e.g. at the foot thereof) with one or more gripping protrusions such as one or more internally facing hooks or barbs. In embodiments, the internally facing hooks or barbs are disposed at an angle with respect to the gripping leg. In embodiments, the connector locates within the removable cap such that the central hub locates adjacent to or slightly spaced from the top inner cap wall or surface and the gripping legs project away from the top inner cap wall or surface and towards the open end of the cap. Other needle cover gripper arrangements are disclosed in Applicant's co-pending PCT publication no. WO2009/081103 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In embodiments, the removable cap is provided with a connector. The connector is shaped to fit within and engage the needle cover and to engage the inner part of the removable cap. In embodiments, the connector includes one or more needle gripper elements in the form of first legs attaching to a central hub and spaced symmetrically away from one another, each first leg having one or more internally facing barbs pointing toward a forward region of the connector and adapted to engage a proximal region of the needle cover. In embodiments, the one or more internally facing barbs are disposed at an angle with respect to the first leg. In embodiments, the connector also includes one or more second legs spaced symmetrically away from one another, each second leg having one or more externally facing barbs located in the forward region of the connector and adapted to engage a forward region of the inner part of the removable cap or cap insert, as described below. In embodiments, the one or more first legs are biased initially at about 60 to 80 degrees with respect to the horizontal. Arrangements of removable cap and connector of this type are disclosed in Applicant's co-pending PCT publication no. WO2009/090499 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In embodiments, the geometry of the removable cap is selected to allow for the needle cover to be sufficiently aligned with the needle of the syringe so that on re-capping the needle does not undesirably catch on the needle sheath inside the needle cover.

In embodiments, particularly wherein the connector comprises one or more needle cover gripping elements (e.g. gripping legs) attaching to a central hub, Applicant has found that to assist re-sheathing of the needle cover it is desirable to position the connector within the removable cap such that the central hub is in spaced relationship to the top inner cap wall of the removable cap. When so-positioned, the gripping legs project away from the top inner cap wall and towards the open end of the cap.

In embodiments, to provide this spacing relationship, the removable cap is provided with a cap insert and at least part of the connector is provided to (e.g. locates within) the cap insert.

In embodiments, the cap insert is shaped to allow for limited axial travel of the connector there within.

In embodiments, allowing this limited axial travel of the connector within the cap insert effectively allows for defining of a certain ‘give’ in the axial position of the connector and needle cover connecting thereto such that in the event of any snagging of needle cover by the needle tip during re-sheathing, the connector and/or needle cover is free to move into the ‘give’ space, thereby ensuring that the snagging event does not result in any bending, or in a worst case scenario snapping, of the needle. The occurrence of any needle stick hazards during re-capping and re-sheathing is thus, minimized.

In other embodiments, wherein the cap is arranged for locking interaction with the cassette unit, allowing for this limited axial travel of the connector within the cap insert and for defining of a certain ‘give’ in the axial position of the connector and needle cover connecting thereto, can improve the reliability of the cap locking interaction by preventing any interference therewith as a result of snagging or other undesirable interaction of the needle cover by the needle tip during re-sheathing.

In particular embodiments, it has been found that the rubber needle sheath might potentially undesirably compress against the needle when the user replaces the cap. However, once the user lets go the cap might be pushed slightly away from the cassette unit housing as the needle sheath relaxes, and this potentially interferes with or prevents the cap from properly locking onto the cassette unit housing. In embodiments, where the auto-injector device is arranged to register locking interaction of the cap with the cassette unit housing, such a scenario might potentially also undesirably result in a false reading of cap locking interaction. In embodiment, the aforementioned allowing for limited axial travel of the connector within the cap insert and for defining of a certain ‘give’ in the axial position of the connector and needle cover connecting thereto, can improve or prevent such undesirable situations.

In embodiments, the spaced relationship with the forward end wall of said cap interior allows for give in the axial position of the connector and needle cover within a give space.

In embodiments, the limited axial travel of the connector within the cap insert allows for the give in the axial position of the connector and needle cover within the give space.

In embodiments, the cap insert defines a first axial channel arranged for receipt of at least part of the connector. In embodiments, the rearward extent of the first axial channel defines the rearward limit of axial travel of the connector within the cap insert. In embodiments, an inner forward end wall of the removable cap defines the forward limit of axial travel of the connector within the cap insert.

In embodiments, the connector includes one or more needle cover gripper elements in the form of first legs attaching to a central hub and spaced symmetrically (e.g. spaced in a rotationally symmetric sense) away from one another, each first leg having one or more internally facing barbs pointing toward a forward region of the connector and adapted to engage a proximal region of the needle cover. In embodiments, the connector also includes one or more second legs spaced symmetrically (e.g. spaced in a rotationally symmetric sense) away from one another and located in the forward region of the connector, each second leg having one or more externally facing barbs, which externally facing barbs are arranged for receipt within the first axial channel of the cap insert.

In embodiments, interaction of the externally facing barbs with an upper travel limiting element (e.g. a ledge or rim) provided at the upper extent of the first axial channel defines the upper limit of axial travel of the connector within the cap insert.

In embodiments, the cap insert further defines a second axial channel co-axial with the first axial channel and of smaller diameter relative thereto, which second axial channel is also arranged for receipt of at least part of the connector.

In embodiments, assembly of the connector into the cap insert involves inserting of the connector first into the second axial channel and then pushing through into the first axial channel.

In embodiments, wherein the connector includes one or more needle cover gripper elements in the form of first legs attaching to a central hub and spaced symmetrically away from one another, each first leg having one or more internally facing barbs pointing toward a forward region of the connector and adapted to engage a proximal region of the needle cover and also includes one or more second legs spaced symmetrically away from one another, each second leg having one or more externally facing barbs located in the forward region of the connector, which externally facing barbs are arranged for receipt within the first axial channel of the cap insert, such insertion step may involve inwards pushing in of some or all of said externally facing barbs within the narrower second axial channel, which externally facing barbs splay outwards on being received within said broader first axial channel.

In embodiments, a cap insert is provided to (e.g. locates within) the removable cap and the removable cap is shaped to allow for limited axial travel of the cap insert there within. In embodiments, the removable cap is shaped to allow for limited axial travel in the rearwards direction of the cap insert relative thereto.

Where in use, the cap insert is provided with the connector, which in turn connects with the needle cover for the syringe, allowing for limited axial travel of the cap insert within the removable cap can enable accommodation of the effects of shock (e.g. impact shock) when the cassette unit is dropped (e.g. onto a hard surface) or mishandled in such a way as to introduce shock thereat/thereto. In embodiments, such feature acts in tandem with the hereinafter described damping element defining a damping relationship between the cassette unit end-cap and the flange of the syringe, which thereby acts to damp movement (e.g. resulting from shock impact) of the syringe relative to the cassette unit end-cap.

In embodiments, the removable cap defines an axial guide arranged for receipt of at least part of the cap insert. In embodiments, the axial guide is defined by one or more axial track guide features provided to the inner surface of the removable cap. In embodiments, the cap insert is provided with one or more follower elements (e.g. protruding arms or legs) for receipt within the one or more axial track guide features.

In embodiments, upper and lower extents of at least a portion of the axial guide are bounded to define an axial guide channel for the cap insert. In embodiments, the upper and lower extents of the axial guide channel define the limit of axial travel of the cap insert within the axial guide channel.

In embodiments, the removable cap is provided with a finger-grip feature that is sized and shaped for gripping by the finger of a user and to provide a ready means for removing the cap and needle cover attached thereto. In embodiments, the finger-grip feature is shaped to provide a ring (e.g. a gripping ring or ring pull) for ready finger gripping by the user by placing a finger or thumb inside the ring.

In embodiments, the removable cap in a capping position, fits over and thereby, acts such as to close off, the needle projection aperture of the cassette unit housing.

In embodiments, the cassette unit housing is provided with one or more first engagement features arranged for reversibly engaging one or more second engagement features of the removable cap for reversible lock engagement of the removable cap to the cassette unit housing.

In embodiments, the first engagement features of the removable cap and the second engagement features of the cassette unit housing are arranged to have a mutually engaging form selected from the group consisting of latching, peg and socket and snap-fit.

In embodiments, the cassette unit housing is provided at the forward end thereof with one or more axially protruding legs each having a first engagement feature arranged thereon, the one or more legs arranged to extend up into the removable cap when the cap is in the capping position and the one or more second engagement features are defined as sockets of the removable cap.

In embodiments, the one or more legs are arranged in a circumferential arrangement about the forward end of the cassette unit housing and said sockets of the removable cap adopt a corresponding circumferential arrangement.

In embodiments, each of the one or more first engagement features of the one or more legs is in the form of a protruding heel having a shaped tip.

In embodiments, the geometry of the removable cap is selected to allow for the needle cover to be sufficiently aligned with the needle of the syringe so that on re-capping the needle does not undesirably catch on the needle sheath inside the needle cover. In embodiments, the geometry of the first engagement features of the cassette unit housing and/or second engagement features of the removable cap is selected to allow for such ease of re-capping. In embodiments, once the first engagement features of the cassette unit housing begin to engage with the second engagement features of the removable cap it is held concentrically enough to prevent the needle from catching on the needle sheath. This is important to ensure that on re-capping the needle cover is able to fully sheathe the used needle to minimize the occurrence of any needle stick hazards.

In embodiments, the cassette unit is provided with a cap lock (i.e. cap removal prevention) feature for selectively preventing removal of the removable cap. In embodiments, the cap lock feature is movable from a first cap locking position in which it prevents removal of the cap from the cassette unit to a second cap un-locking position in which it no longer prevents such cap removal.

In embodiments, the cassette unit is provided with a shuttle lock control defining one or more blocking elements for selectively blocking movement of said one or more first engagement features of the cassette unit housing relative to the one or more second engagement features of the removable cap.

In embodiments, the shuttle lock control is axially movable relative to the cassette unit housing between:

-   -   (i) a first ‘cassette unused’ position, in which said one or         more blocking elements block movement of the one or more first         engagement features relative to the one or more second         engagement features, thereby keeping the removable cap in locked         relationship to the cassette unit housing;     -   (ii) a second ‘cassette unlocked’ position, in which said one or         more blocking elements no longer block movement of the one or         more first engagement features relative to the one or more         second engagement features, thereby allowing for unlocking of         the removable cap from the cassette unit housing and for removal         and replacement thereof; and     -   (iii) after replacement of the removable cap, a third ‘cassette         used’ position, locating intermediate said first and second         positions, in which the one or more blocking elements again         block movement of the one or more first engagement features         relative to the one or more second engagement features, thereby         restoring the locked relationship between the removable cap and         the cassette unit housing.

In embodiments, the shuttle lock is biased from the second position to the third position.

In embodiments, in use, on removal of the removable cap the shuttle lock control is in the second position; during use of the cassette for injection the shuttle lock control is biased into the third position; and during replacement of the removable cap the shuttle lock control is in the second position.

In embodiments, the shuttle lock control is further provided with an axial position locator, which defines three distinct axial positions of the shuttle lock control relative to cassette unit housing and corresponding to the first, second and third positions.

In embodiments, the axial position locator comprises one or more axial protrusions each having a follower arranged thereon for receipt within a corresponding axial track of the inner cassette unit housing such as to define an axial track-follower relationship therebetween.

In embodiments, the first and second positions correspond to the opposite extremes of the axial track-follower relationship.

In embodiments, each of the one or more axial protrusions of the axial position locator comprises a first latch element arranged for selective latching relationship with a corresponding second latch element of the inner cassette unit housing.

In embodiments, the first latch element defines an axial latching slot and the second latch element comprises a latching foot selectively receivable thereby and movable therewithin such as to define an axial foot-in-slot relationship therebetween.

In embodiments, in the first position the axial latching slot and latching foot are in non-latching relationship and in the second and third positions the axial latching slot and latching foot are in latching relationship, wherein the second and third positions respectively correspond to opposing slot ends of the axial latching slot.

In embodiments, the cassette unit (e.g. at the shuttle lock control) additionally comprising a non-return feature arranged such that when the first and second latch elements have come into latching relationship return to a non-latching relationship is prevented.

In embodiments, as part of the non-return feature the first latch element defines a forward ramped surface and the second latch element defines a corresponding ramped surface such as to facilitate ramping over each other when coming into latching relationship.

In embodiments, the shuttle lock control is marked with a ‘used cassette’ flag arranged to be brought into registration with an indicator opening or window of the cassette unit housing at the third ‘cassette used’ position.

In embodiments, the cap lock (i.e. cap removal prevention) feature selectively prevents removal of the removable cap until either the cassette unit locates at the docking position within the drive unit housing. In embodiments, the cap lock feature of the cassette unit is only movable from a cap locking position to a cap non-locking position when the cassette unit locates at the docking position within the drive unit housing. In embodiments, the cap lock feature is in the first position during insertion of the cassette unit into the drive unit and moves to the second position when the cassette unit is in the docking position in the drive unit.

In embodiments, the drive unit includes a cap lock release feature arranged such that on moving of the cassette unit towards the docking position in the drive unit said cap lock release feature interacts with the cap lock feature of the cassette unit to move the cap lock feature to the second cap unlocking position when the cassette unit is at the docking position in the drive unit.

In embodiments, the cassette unit includes a plunger slaving part, which is axially movable within the barrel of the syringe for forward movement into contact with the plunger. In embodiments, the plunger slaving part defines a circumferential wall arranged for frictional sliding relationship with the inner wall of the barrel, a rear drive-receiving face and a front plunger-contacting face.

In injected use, the plunger slaving part is in embodiments, brought into contact with the plunger of the syringe and is axially movable within the barrel. In embodiments, the plunger slaving part arranged such that when a drive load is applied to the rear drive-receiving face to bring the front plunger-contacting face into contact with the plunger the drive load is evenly transmitted to the plunger.

In embodiments, the front plunger-contacting face of plunger slaving part is arranged for engagement with the plunger. In embodiments, the diameter of the plunger slaving part corresponds to the diameter of the plunger.

In embodiments, the plunger is made of a material that is resiliently compressible (e.g. rubber or an organic polymeric material) and the plunger slaving part is made of a less compressible material. In embodiments, the plunger slaving part is made of a rigid material (e.g. a hard plastic polymer material such as poly propylene).

In embodiments, the rear drive-receiving face of the plunger slaving part has a central recess for receipt of a drive transfer element. In embodiments, the central recess is shaped such that the drive transfer element is rotatable therein. In embodiments, the central recess is of conical form. In embodiments, the central recess tapers to a square-cut end or to a neb end.

In embodiments, the slaving part may be configured to perform a second purpose of providing an easy-to-identify visual indicator of the plunger's position within the syringe so that the patient can visually confirm the drug had been fully injected. In this embodiment, the slaving part may also be called a stopper position indicator.

In embodiments, the circumferential wall of the plunger slaving part is provided with one or more slide restrictors that restrict frictional sliding movement thereof in relation to the inner wall of the barrel. In embodiments, the one or more slide restrictors are arranged to increase the resistance thereof to frictional sliding movement.

In embodiments, each of the one or more slide restrictors comprises a flexible vane arranged to flex slightly in response to frictional sliding movement of the plunger slaving part.

In embodiments, the one or more slide restrictors are arranged to increase the initial resistance to forward frictional sliding movement but to impart lesser resistance to said forward frictional sliding movement once movement is underway.

In embodiments, the one or more slide restrictors are arranged to more greatly increase the resistance to a backward frictional sliding movement than to the forward frictional sliding movement.

In embodiments, the one or more slide restrictors are arranged at evenly spaced intervals around the circumferential wall.

In embodiments, the cassette unit housing defines a rearward entrance to the cassette unit housing cavity, additionally comprising in capping relationship with a rearward entrance of the cassette unit housing, a cassette unit end-cap. In embodiments, the cassette unit end-cap defines a drive rod-receiving opening for receipt of a drive rod for providing forward axial drive to said plunger slaving part.

In embodiments, in a pre-use configuration, the plunger slaving part is shaped for releasable engagement with the cassette unit end-cap.

In embodiments, the drive rod-receiving opening is defined by a periphery and the plunger slaving part is shaped for releasable engagement in the pre-use configuration with the periphery.

In embodiments, the drive rod-receiving opening is defined by a peripheral rim and said plunger slaving part is shaped for releasable engagement in the pre-use configuration with the peripheral rim.

In embodiments, the drive rod-receiving opening is defined by a periphery, the periphery is provided with a forward skirt and the plunger slaving part is shaped for releasable engagement in the pre-use configuration with the forward skirt.

In embodiments, the forward skirt is provided with an inner-facing rim and the plunger slaving part is shaped for releasable engagement in the pre-use configuration with the inner-facing rim.

In embodiments, the plunger slaving part defines a circumferential rim for releasable engagement in the pre-use configuration with the cassette unit end-cap.

In embodiments, the plunger slaving part defines a circumferential trough for releasable engagement in the pre-use configuration with the cassette unit end-cap.

In embodiments, the plunger slaving part is releasable from the cassette unit end-cap in response to forward axial drive provided to the rear drive-receiving face thereof.

In embodiments, the end-cap is arranged for snap-fit relationship with the cassette unit housing.

In embodiments, the cassette unit additionally comprises a biasing element defining a biasing relationship between the cassette unit end-cap and the flange of the syringe, thereby urging the syringe forwards in relation to the cassette unit end-cap.

In embodiments, the drive rod-receiving opening of the cassette unit end-cap is defined by a periphery, the periphery is provided with a forward skirt and the biasing element is arranged for receipt about the forward skirt.

In embodiments, the cassette unit additionally comprises a damping element defining a damping relationship between the cassette unit end-cap and the flange of the syringe, thereby acting to damp rearward movement of the syringe relative to the cassette unit end-cap. In embodiments, the damping element thereby reduces any such relative movement of the syringe and cassette unit end-cap as may arise from the effects of shock (e.g. shock impact), and thus acts as a shock damping element.

In embodiments, the biasing element and the damping element are comprised as a unitary (i.e. single) biasing and damping element.

In embodiments, the biasing and damping element is provided as a separate component to the cassette unit end-cap. In other embodiments, the biasing and damping element is provided integrally with the cassette unit end-cap.

In embodiments, the biasing and damping element may take any suitable form. In embodiments, the biasing and damping element comprises a ring form. In embodiments, the end-cap comprises a skirt that is arranged for receipt of the ring form biasing and damping element. In embodiments, the skirt of the end-cap projects forwards, and thus projects towards the flange of the syringe.

In embodiments, it has been appreciated that careful geometric design and/or choice of material properties is required to modify the compression properties of the damping and biasing element to achieve the desired damping/compression force performance.

In embodiments, biasing and damping element (e.g. the ring form) is provided with one or more damping projections that project forwards towards the flange of the syringe. In embodiments, plural (e.g. from 2 to 8, such as 3 to 6) damping projections are spaced circumferentially (e.g. at regular intervals) about the ring form biasing and damping element. In embodiments, plural (e.g. from 2 to 8, such as 3 to 6) damping projections are spaced circumferentially (e.g. at regular intervals) about the ring form biasing and damping element in a circle of diameter about equal to that of the syringe barrel.

In embodiments, each damping projection has a projecting tower form. In embodiments, the tower form is designed to yield in a controlled manner in response to compression by the syringe flange. In embodiments, each projecting tower has two sections, namely a forward section, which is arranged to contact the syringe flange, and a rearward section that contacts the end-cap, wherein the rearward section is less readily deformable in the axial direction than the forward section. In embodiments, each projecting tower are has two sections, namely a forward section, which is arranged to contact the syringe flange, that is relatively slender and/or easily deformable; and a rearward section which increases (e.g. by a tapering or sloping geometric form) in width from the base of the forward section to where it contacts the end-cap. In embodiments, this form of projecting tower is intended to provide a low biasing force by deforming mainly the forward section, and the high impact compression force mainly through compressing (e.g. partial compression of) the rearward section.

In embodiments, the biasing and damping element is capable of providing a biasing force of at least 2N, such as between 2N and 8N, particularly between 2N and 4N under a 0.5 to 1 mm compression. Such biasing force is typically sufficient to counteract the force of needle insertion during skin piercing. In embodiments, the biasing force is capable of being maintained for the life of the assembled cassette unit.

In embodiments, the damping performance of the cassette unit in response to dropped shock impact is determinable by a 1 m drop onto a resilient surface (e.g. smooth steel of 3 mm thickness, backed by >10 mm thickness wood). In embodiments, where the drop impact is directly against the end-cap of the cassette unit, the damping element is required to decelerate the syringe in a controlled manner (e.g. within a distance of 2.5 mm).

In embodiments, the reaction force of the damping element is arranged to be from 5N to 40N over a compression distance of from 1 to 2 mm. In embodiments, the damping element reaction force is arranged to exceed 50N at 2.5 mm compression.

In embodiments, the biasing and/or damping element is comprised of one or more materials that have natural biasing and damping properties. In embodiments, the material choice is suitable for use in the proximity of a pharmaceutical primary package (e.g. a syringe containing drug).

In embodiments, the biasing and/or damping element is comprised of a material that has a hardness of from 15 Shore A to 60 Shore A, such as from 30 to 50 Shore A (e.g. 40 Shore A)

In embodiments, the biasing and/or damping element is comprised of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) material. In embodiments, the biasing and/or damping element is comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of neoprene (a family of synthetic rubbers produced by free-radical polymerization of 2-chlorobutadiene); Mediprene (trade name), a material which is available in several grades that can in embodiments, be mixed to achieve different material (e.g. stiffness) properties; and a suitable grade of Kraiburg Thermolast (trade name) such as Kraiburg Thermolast TM4ADT (40ShA), as sold by Kraiburg TPE GmbH & Co. KG of Waldkraiburg, Germany. In embodiments, the biasing and/or damping element is formed by a moulding or co-moulding process.

In embodiments, the cassette unit additionally comprises one or more shoulder support features for supporting the forward shoulder of the syringe.

In embodiments, the cassette unit further comprises a needle cover defining a needle sheath for sheathing of the needle tip, wherein the one or more shoulder support features locate between the needle cover and the forward shoulder of the syringe.

In embodiments, the needle cover is provided with a needle sheath cover for covering the needle sheath thereof and the one or more shoulder support features locate between the needle sheath cover and the forward shoulder of the syringe.

In embodiments, the needle sheath cover is comprised of a rigid material.

In embodiments, the one or more shoulder support features are in snap-fit arrangement between the needle cover and the forward shoulder of the syringe.

In embodiments, the one or more shoulder support features are defined by one or more separate shoulder support parts provided to the syringe.

In embodiments, the one or more shoulder support features include a split-cylindrical form arranged for receipt by the barrel of the syringe.

Drive Unit

The auto-injector herein is arranged to allow for actuation (i.e. firing) of the syringe and hence, to allow for injected delivery of drug to a patient. The auto-injector thus, also includes a drive unit for transferring axial drive to the syringe.

The drive unit comprises a drive unit housing defining a docking cavity and a needle delivery aperture. The docking cavity is arranged for docking receipt of the cassette unit at a docking position, whereupon said cassette unit and/or the syringe is movable from a rest position, in which the needle tip of the syringe is within the drive unit housing to a use position, in which the needle tip protrudes from said needle delivery aperture. The docking cavity and receivable part of the cassette unit are correspondingly sized and shaped to facilitate the intended docking relationship. The drive unit housing may be arranged as a single part or a multi-part (e.g. two part) drive unit housing assembly.

In embodiments, the drive arrangement comprises at least one electrically powered source of axial drive. The electrical power may be provided by mains electrical supply or by a battery, which in embodiments may be rechargeable.

Electrical energy may be conserved by a variety of means to enable the auto-injector to operate for longer on a given source of energy, such as a battery. Energy conservation or saving methods have additional advantages in terms of reducing the size requirements of the power source (e.g. battery) and thus the weight and portability of the auto-injector.

Electrical energy saving methods may be employed to reduce power consumption of the drive unit. One such method is to use a clock or timer circuit to switch the power on and off at regular or predetermined intervals. In another method a power management system is employed to selectively switch on/off specific electronic functions, such as visual display units or sensors, in order to power these functions only when they are required to perform a particular sequence of events. Thus different electronic functions may be switched on and off at varying intervals and for varying periods under control of a power management system.

In embodiments, the at least one electrically powered source of axial drive comprises an electrically powered motor. The motor may provide linear or rotary drive, but in general, rotary motors used in combination with suitable gearing arrangements are most suitable. The motor may for example, comprise a DC electric motor, a piezoelectric (PZ) motor, an ultrasonic motor, a solenoid motor or a linear motor. In embodiments, the electronic drive system comprises a DC motor, a PZ motor, a stepper motor or an ultrasonic motor. Embodiments are envisaged in which, plural electrically powered sources of axial drive are employed such as a different drive source (e.g. motor) for each of the first and second drive transfer elements.

The drive arrangement comprises a first drive transfer element for transferring axial drive to the cassette unit and/or the syringe for advancing the syringe to said use position; and a second drive transfer element for subsequently transferring axial drive to the plunger of the syringe for moving the plunger into the barrel of the syringe to eject at least part of the volume of liquid drug formulation.

In embodiments, the first and second drive transfer elements are configured as separate parts. In other embodiments, the first and second drive transfer elements are in coupling relationship (e.g. via one or more coupling elements) or form an integral part of a single (i.e. composite) drive transfer element.

In embodiments, the source of axial drive is configured to selectively confer axial drive to the first and second drive transfer elements. Any manner of gearing and/or coupling arrangements may be employed to achieve this purpose.

In embodiments, the drive arrangement comprises one or more lead screw drive mechanism. In other embodiments, the drive arrangement comprises one or more rack and pinion drive mechanisms. In embodiments, any of such drive mechanisms directly comprise the first and/or second drive transfer elements. In other embodiments, any of such drive mechanisms may be arranged to communicate with the first and/or second drive transfer elements by suitable gearing or coupling arrangements.

In embodiments, the electrically powered source of drive is able to exert an axial drive force of up to 60N via the first and/or second drive transfer elements to the syringe. In embodiments, the force exerted may be arranged to vary over the actuation profile such as from a range of 60 to 40N at the start of actuation to from 40 to 20N at the end of the actuation profile.

In embodiments, release of axial drive force (e.g. actuation of the electrically powered source of drive) is responsive to a trigger (e.g. a user-actuable trigger). In embodiments, the trigger comprises a button, switch or lever arrangement. In other embodiments, a press actuation mechanism that is actuable in response to pressing of the drive unit housing against the skin of a patient is also envisaged.

In embodiments, a skin sensor mechanism is provided to the drive unit housing that is actuable in response to sensing of the skin of the patient. In embodiments, the skin sensor mechanism comprises a skin sensor arrangement comprising an array of plural skin sensor electrodes (e.g. from 3 to 10, such as from 4 to 10 and from 6 to 8, individual skin sensor electrodes) located about that part of the housing of the drive unit of the auto-injector that defines the needle delivery aperture as described in Applicant's co-pending PCT application no. PCT/US13/65954 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In embodiments, the array of plural skin sensor electrodes is evenly spaced about the needle delivery aperture. In embodiments, the needle delivery aperture of the drive unit housing is essentially circular in shape and the array of plural skin sensor electrodes is arranged circumferentially about the needle delivery aperture in an essentially circular arrangement. In embodiments, each skin sensor electrode takes the form of a capacitance skin sensor electrode such as a proximity sensor arranged for detecting proximity of human skin thereto or contact of human skin therewith. One suitable capacitance skin sensor electrode is sold under the trade name AD7148 by Analog Devices Inc. of One Technology Way, PO Box 9106, Norwood, Mass. 02062-9106, USA. In embodiments, the drive unit additionally comprises an electronic control unit, wherein each of the plural skin sensor electrodes is capable of sending an individual skin sensing signal to the electronic control unit. In embodiments, the electronic control unit is capable of collating (and in embodiments, analyzing) the individual skin sensing signals for each of the plural skin sensor electrodes to determine a skin sensing state for the array of plural skin sensor electrodes as a whole. In embodiments, the electronic control unit is provided with a decision algorithm that decides upon and signals a control action dependent upon the determined skin sensing state.

Axial drive force applied to the first drive transfer element results in drivable movement of the syringe from the rest to the use position. In embodiments, the first drive transfer element communicates directly with (e.g. contacts or abuts) the syringe barrel for transferring drive thereto. In embodiments, the first drive transfer element communicates directly with (e.g. contacts or abuts) the cassette unit for transferring drive thereto, and thus results in drive being transferred to the syringe barrel. In embodiments, the first drive transfer element communicates indirectly with (e.g. via a slaving or coupling element) the syringe barrel and/or the cassette unit for transferring drive thereto.

In embodiments, the first drive transfer element communicates directly or indirectly with a cassette unit holder that holds the cassette unit and syringe thereof within the drive unit such as to transfer drive to the cassette unit holder to thereby result in drivable movement of the syringe from the rest to the use position.

Axial drive force applied to the second drive transfer element (e.g. plunger rod) results in drivable movement of the plunger within the syringe barrel, ultimately to a fully plunged position when most, in embodiments all, of the liquid drug formulation contents of the syringe barrel have been drivably expelled therefrom.

In embodiments, the second drive transfer element communicates directly with (e.g. contacts or abuts) the plunger of the syringe for transferring drive thereto. In embodiments, an end portion of the second drive transfer element directly communicates with (e.g. contacts or abuts) the plunger. In other embodiments, the second drive transfer element communicates indirectly with (e.g. via a slaving or coupling element) the plunger of the syringe for transferring drive thereto. In certain other embodiments, an end portion of the second drive transfer element indirectly communicates with the plunger such as via a washer or other intermediate element.

In embodiments, the first and/or second drive transfer element takes the form of a screw drive element or rod drive element, but other suitable forms are also envisaged.

In embodiments, the drive arrangement includes a first coupling for coupling the first drive transfer element to the cassette unit and/or to syringe barrel of the syringe, wherein said first coupling is a reversible coupling arranged for decoupling when the syringe moves to the use position. Thus, in the initial rest position, application of axial drive force to the first drive transfer element results in movement of the syringe as a whole, but in embodiments, not of the plunger relative to the syringe barrel. It may be appreciated that this preferred initial absence of relative plunger movement is favoured if the frictional forces to be overcome in moving the syringe barrel within the housing are arranged to be much less than for moving the plunger within the syringe barrel. This is typically so since the plunger is often a natural or synthetic rubber element, which frictionally interacts with the sidewall of the syringe barrel. In embodiments, the first coupling is a friction clutch coupling arranged for decoupling by declutching thereof when the syringe moves to the use position.

In embodiments, once the syringe is in the use position (i.e. needle protruding) the first coupling decouples (e.g. demounts) such that no coupling then exists between the first drive transfer element and the syringe barrel. All further axial drive force applied to the second drive transfer element therefore results in plunging axial movement of the plunger within the syringe barrel, which acts to drive the liquid drug formulation contents of the syringe barrel into the hollow needle for injected delivery from the needle tip.

In embodiments, the first and second drive transfer elements are comprised as a single drive shuttle element. In embodiments, the shuttle has an axially symmetric form such as cylindrical form. Guides (e.g. a central aperture of an end wall) may be provided to the shuttle to assist that axial receipt.

In embodiments, a reset mechanism is provided for resetting the drive arrangement after actuation thereof. In embodiments, the reset mechanism is responsive to the electrically powered source of drive.

It is noted that fundamentally any electrically powered source of drive herein must convert electrical energy (e.g. stored in batteries) into mechanical motion for movement of the syringe and/or cassette unit and/or the plunger. Electric motors typically use electrical energy to produce rotational motion in the form of a rotating shaft. Various methods are well known for conversion of rotational energy into linear displacement of the plunger. Conceivable methods are a lead screw and worm gear arrangement, cams, a rack and pinion system or a system of rigid linkages using the lever principle. The various methods have certain advantages and disadvantages in terms of complexity, efficiency, mechanical advantage, gearing, maximum displacement velocity, maximum force etc.

Applicant has appreciated that generally for an injection, it is desirable to maintain a constant force over the full displacement stroke of the plunger. The performance in terms of maximum velocity and maximum force of cam and lever based mechanisms will typically vary with position along the injection stroke such that at extremes of the displacement range the maximum force or velocity of the plunger may be substantially different from that in the centre of the displacement range. The lead screw and worm gear or rack and pinion systems have the advantage that they can maintain constant forces over their full displacement range. The velocity of the plunger displacement determines the injection time, which is a key parameter in determining patient comfort. Finally, the maximum force that the electrically powered source of drive of the drive unit can produce will determine the limits of drug viscosity and/or needle bore that the device can use in injections. In general, the maximum plunger velocity and maximum force will be inversely related. That is, higher injection force will limit the velocity achievable.

Interaction of Cassette Unit with Drive Unit

The syringe is movable within the drive unit housing from a rest position, in which the needle tip of the syringe is within the drive unit housing to a use position, in which the needle tip protrudes from the needle delivery aperture of the drive unit housing.

In embodiments, the syringe is in fixed relationship to the cassette unit housing and the required movement of the syringe is by movement of the cassette unit housing and syringe fixed thereto within the drive unit housing.

In other embodiments, the syringe is in movable relationship to the cassette unit housing and the required movement of the syringe is by movement of the syringe within the cassette unit housing.

In other embodiments, composite arrangements are envisaged, in which the syringe movement is achieved by a combination of both movement of the syringe within the cassette unit housing and by movement of the cassette unit housing within the drive unit housing.

In embodiments, the drive unit housing and/or any inner drive unit housing sub assembly thereof includes a needle projection aperture through which the hollow needle may protrude, for example during expelling of the liquid drug formulation through the hollow needle and its needle tip for delivery to the patient.

In embodiments, it is desirable for safety and hygiene reasons that the needle does not protrude from (i.e. out with) the drive unit housing other than when expelling the liquid drug formulation during an injection procedure. Thus, the drive unit housing and/or any inner drive unit housing sub assembly thereof and drive unit housing cavity defined thereby is generally arranged such that a needle receiving part thereof allows for the needle of the syringe to be axially moveable therein from the rest position in which the needle is wholly housed (or shrouded) by the needle receiving part to the use position in which at least the tip of the needle protrudes from that needle receiving part of the drive unit housing.

In embodiments, the drive unit housing includes biasing means (e.g. a spring) arranged to act on the syringe and/or the cassette unit housing such that the needle of the syringe is normally biased towards the rest position, wherein such biasing means are overcome during the actuation of the syringe (e.g. by an actuating mechanism) to allow for movement of the needle to the use position.

In embodiments, it is desirable for the drive unit housing to allow for the needle of the syringe to be retracted into the housing after use. Thus, it is desirable to be able to retract the needle back into the needle receiving part of the housing after the injection procedure, that is to say to retract the needle from the use position to a retracted position that may in embodiments, correspond to the rest position or in other embodiments, correspond to a third position, which in embodiments is further away from the needle delivery aperture. A needle retract mechanism may thus, be provided (e.g. responsive to a biasing means such as a light return spring or by reverse action of the drive mechanism) to retract the syringe needle back into the drive unit housing.

In embodiments, it is desirable for the drive unit housing to allow for the needle of the syringe to be shrouded by a needle shroud element after use. Thus, in particular it is desirable to be able to provide a means of shrouding the needle of the syringe that is moved or otherwise brought into operation after completion of the injection procedure. Such means in embodiments comprises a movable shroud element that is adapted to be movable to a shrouding configuration at the end of the injection procedure.

In embodiments, the drive unit includes a cassette unit holder for holding the cassette unit within the drive unit housing. In embodiments, the cassette unit holder defines one or more inner walls against at least a part of which the cassette unit seats when held within the cassette unit holder.

In embodiments, the cassette unit holder is sized and shaped such as to allow for a relatively tight clearance between the cassette unit and the inner walls of the cassette unit holder. Such tight tolerances allow for reliable positioning of the cassette unit within the cassette unit holder and drive unit.

In embodiments, the cassette unit holder is mounted within the drive unit for movement along the drive axis, which corresponds to the injection axis, thereby allowing for movement of the cassette unit and syringe within the drive unit between its rest and in use (i.e. injected) positions. In embodiments, the cassette unit holder mounts to a linear slide that orients along a direction that is parallel with or corresponds to the drive axis.

In embodiments, the cassette unit holder is provided with one or more cassette unit locking features for reversibly locking the cassette unit within the holder and hence, within the drive unit.

In embodiments, the one or more cassette unit locking features are arranged to be in a locking position when the cassette unit is in the docking position.

In embodiments, in the locking position the one or more locking features of the cassette unit housing align with corresponding features (e.g. apertures) of the cassette unit holder.

In embodiments, movement of the cassette unit from the intermediate pre-docking position to the docking position results in movement of the one or more locking features from the non-locking to the locking position.

In embodiments, each cassette unit locking feature comprises a latching feature, lock tab feature or snap-lock feature. In embodiments, engagement of the locking feature provides tactile or audible feedback to the user as an indication that the cassette unit has been correctly received within the cassette unit holder of the drive unit.

In embodiments, the cassette unit holder is provided with one or more cassette unit locking features protruding from the inner wall(s) thereof. In embodiments, the cassette unit locking features are biased towards (e.g. in response to biasing means) or naturally bias towards the cassette locking position.

In embodiments, the cassette unit holder has plural (e.g. two) cassette unit locking features (e.g. snap lock-tabs) integral with and protruding inwards from the walls thereof.

In embodiments, each of the cassette unit locking features has one or more angled faces arranged such that the locking feature may be pushed outwards as a result of force applied to the angled face.

In embodiments, each cassette unit locking feature (e.g. lock tab) has angled faces at the top and bottom thereof arranged such that the locking feature (e.g. lock tab) flexes outwards when a force (e.g. from an edge of another mechanical part) is pushed into them from either direction. In embodiments, the angled face at the bottom side of the locking feature allow for it to flex out of the way as the cassette unit is inserted into the cassette unit holder until the cassette unit is inserted to a holding and locking position, wherein the locking feature flexes back to its original position and lockingly engages the cassette unit housing. In this position the cassette unit is held in the cassette unit holder by the locking features (e.g. lock-tabs) because the top faces of the locking features (e.g. lock-tabs) support the cassette unit. The angled faces on the top of the locking features (e.g. lock-tabs) also allow for the cassette unit to be pulled out of the cassette unit holder by having the lock-tabs flex outwards in a similar fashion as when a cassette unit is inserted into the cassette unit holder of the drive unit of the auto-injector.

In embodiments, once the cassette unit has been inserted initially into the cassette unit holder, a reader of the drive unit reads an identifier on the cassette unit to verify details relating to it. Once positive verification has been established, the cassette unit is transported to the docking position such as by drawing it into the drive unit. In embodiments, this receipt of the cassette into the cassette unit holder corresponds to the pre-docking intermediate position referred to hereinafter.

In embodiments, as the cassette is transported to the docking position within the drive unit, the one or more locking features of the cassette unit holder are aligned with rigid features within the drive unit that maintain the locking features in the locking position such as by preventing lock-tabs from flexing outwards. Thus, the cassette unit is effectively locked within the drive unit when the locking features are aligned with these rigid features of the drive unit.

In embodiments, the length of the rigid features of the drive unit are arranged such that the cassette unit cannot be locked in the drive unit with the needle protruding from the needle delivery aperture such as at any insertion depth of the needle. Typically during the injection process, high loads are transmitted from the plunger through the cassette unit and reacted on the top surfaces of the locking features (e.g. lock-tabs). In embodiments where the top surface is angled, there is a horizontal component to the reaction load that attempts to flex the locking features (e.g. lock-tabs) outwards. However, where the locking features (e.g. lock-tabs) are aligned with (e.g. behind) the rigid features of the drive unit they cannot be flexed outwards and the cassette unit remains rigidly fixed in the drive unit.

In embodiments, once the cassette unit has been received at the docking position the removable cap and needle cover attached thereto is removed. Where in embodiments, there is a cap lock feature this must first be released. In embodiments, as the cassette is moved to the docking position (e.g. by being drawn fully up into the drive unit) the cassette unit is also brought into contact with cap lock unlocking features, which in embodiments comprise one or more (e.g. two) rigid arms, which extend into the cassette unit to depress, and thereby to unlock, the cap lock feature. In embodiments, the rigid arms move into the cassette unit to depress, and thereby to unlock, the cap lock feature by passing through cut-outs in the top of the cassette unit holder.

In embodiments, the drive unit is provided with a timer (e.g. timer function) that starts a time count on removal of the removable cap and needle cover from the cassette unit. In embodiments, the timer function is initiated by the removal of the removable cap and needle cover from the cassette unit. In embodiments, the timer counts upwards (i.e. from zero) on removal of the removable cap and needle cover). In other embodiments, the timer counts downwards (i.e. from a pre-determined time count) on removal of the removable cap and needle cover. Thus, for example an indication of time remaining to safely use the device may be calculated.

In embodiments, the timer is arranged such that on reaching a certain, pre-determined time count a stop command to stop the drive functioning of the drive unit is generated. Drive action of the drive unit is thus, prevented. In embodiments, the stop command is to disable (e.g. switch off or de-power) said one or more electrically powered sources of axial drive. In embodiments, the stop command is to initiate a blocking function that acts to block the movement of said first and/or second drive transfer elements. In embodiments, the timer therefore acts to ensure that drug is delivered to the patient within a set time limit following removal of the removable cap and needle cover from the syringe of the cassette unit.

In embodiments, one or more cap removal sensors (e.g. cap removal sensing means) are provided to detect removal of the removable cap and needle cover from the cassette unit. In embodiments, the one or more cap removal sensors communicate with the timer (e.g. via an electronic data unit or control unit) to send a cap removal detection signal to the timer to initiate the time count thereof.

In embodiments, the drive unit includes an electronic display and the time count is displayed on the electronic display.

In embodiments, to move the cassette unit within the drive unit, a first drive transfer element (e.g. a lead-screw) connects to (e.g. by threading through) a flange connecting to the cassette unit holder.

In embodiments, the cassette unit holder mounts to a linear slide such that it is slidably movable in a direction parallel to or corresponding to the drive axis. In embodiments, the first drive transfer element (e.g. lead-screw) couples to the output shaft of a motor/gear-head assembly such as via a universal joint. The universal joint allows for misalignment between the drive axis and the linear slide, which allows that the cassette unit holder and motor can be held rigidly in the drive unit without over-constraining the positioning of the cassette unit holder. Over-constraining the cassette unit holder could cause excessive friction or binding in the threads of the lead-screw and nut and so make high accelerations and velocities of the cassette unit holder difficult to achieve.

In embodiments, the lead-screw has four starts and a lead of 6.35 mm. Such a high lead allows for rapid linear accelerations of the cassette unit holder so that the needle can reach a velocity of 100 mm/sec before it pierces the patient's skin. In embodiments, this mechanism is arranged such as to be back-drivable.

In embodiments, the nut attached to the cassette unit holder has a specific linear travel for a given rotation of the screw. In consequence, the depth the needle is inserted into the patient is set by the rotational position of the screw. The rotational position of the screw can be determined using several means including encoders and monitoring step-counts, in cases in which the motor being used is a stepper motor.

In embodiments, the drive unit can be configured to provide any suitable needle insertion depth with a typical needle insertion depth being between about 4 and 8 mm. Once the needle has been inserted into the patient, the injection of drug may be initiated. To inject the drug, axial drive force is applied to the second drive transfer element (e.g. plunger rod) to drivably move the plunger within the syringe barrel.

In embodiments, to apply the necessary driving load to the syringe plunger a second drive transfer element in the form of lead screw (e.g. a plunger screw) is rotated through a nut that is fixed relative to the syringe. Since the nut is fixed, the lead screw advances linearly as it is rotated. Having the nut fixed relative to the syringe allows for the plunger screw to stay fixed relative to the syringe when the cassette unit holder is moved within the device for needle insertion or retraction in an emergency. Otherwise, in embodiments, the plunger screw would be required to travel the distance that the cassette unit holder moves during needle insertion prior to its being able to make contact with the syringe to apply drive load to the syringe plunger. In embodiments, in the case of emergency retraction when the cassette unit holder needs to be moved into the drive unit in the middle of an injection, the plunger screw would have to be moved into the drive unit before the cassette unit could be rapidly retracted into the drive unit.

In embodiments, during an injection, loads reaching near 60N are applied to the syringe plunger via the second drive transfer element (e.g. the plunger screw).

In embodiments, the second drive transfer element (e.g. the rotating plunger screw) could direct undesirably high (e.g. torsion) drive loads on the system if the second drive transfer element makes direct contact with the syringe plunger. To minimize these torsion loads, the syringe barrel of the cassette unit may be provided with a plunger slaving part. Thus, the second drive transfer element acts to transfer axial drive to the plunger slaving part and hence, to the plunger of the syringe for moving the plunger into the barrel of the syringe to eject at least part of said volume of liquid drug formulation.

In embodiments, the plunger slaving part is in contact with the plunger of the syringe and is axially movable within the barrel. In embodiments, the plunger slaving part is arranged such that when a drive load is applied to a rear (e.g. top) drive-receiving face thereof the drive load is evenly transmitted to the plunger. In embodiments, the plunger slaving part engages (e.g. is in threaded engagement) with the plunger. In embodiments, the diameter of the plunger slaving part corresponds to the diameter of the plunger.

In embodiments, the plunger is made of a material that is resiliently compressible (e.g. rubber or an organic polymeric material) and the plunger slaving part is made of a less compressible material. In embodiments, the plunger slaving part is made of a rigid material (e.g. a hard plastic polymer material such as poly propylene).

In embodiments, the rear face of the plunger slaving part has a central recess for receipt of a drive transfer element. In embodiments, the central recess is of conical form. Thus in embodiments, the second drive transfer element defines a drive end arranged for receipt by the central recess of the rear drive-receiving face of the plunger slaving part. In embodiments, the drive end defines a conical tip and said central recess is of conical form to guide and centre said conical tip therein. In embodiments, the angle of the conical recess is greater than the angle of the conical tip.

In embodiments, the slaving part may be configured to perform a second purpose of providing an easy-to-identify visual indicator of the plunger's position within the syringe so that the patient can visually confirm the drug had been fully injected. In this embodiment, the slaving part may be called a stopper position indicator.

In the above described plunger screw embodiment, the plunger screw is rotated through a fixed nut. In consequence, the combination of the high linear force with the rotating plunger screw could result in high torsion loads on the system if the plunger screw makes direct contact with the syringe plunger. To minimize these torsion loads, the plunger screw is in embodiments, provided with a pointed tip to give rise to a point load instead of a face load. The pointed tip of the plunger screw makes contact with a slaving part, which is made of a hard material, thus acting to reduce friction and torsion loads on the system. The slaving part contacts (e.g. engages) the plunger such that when a load is applied to its top face the load is evenly transmitted directly into the plunger. In embodiments, the top of the slaving part has a conical recess to guide and centre the pointed end of the plunger screw as it is lowered into contact. In embodiments, the angle of the conical recess is greater than the angle of the conical end of the plunger screw to achieve point contact between the tip of the plunger screw and the top surface, while also guiding the syringe plunger during its travel.

In embodiments, the plunger screw is rotated by a screw gear, which receives drive force from the source of axial drive. In embodiments, the plunger screw slide fits through the center of the gear and is keyed to gear via a flat. Since in this embodiment, the plunger screw has a flat, there are sharp corners where the flat is cut across the threads. In consequence, reliefs are provided in the walls of pass-through hole in the screw gear to eliminate the possibility of the thread corners from catching on the screw gear as the plunger screw slides through it. In embodiments, the screw gear is fixed within the device via a press-fit with a ball bearing that is fixed within the drive unit.

In embodiments, to control the position and angular velocity of the screw gear, and thus the position and velocity of the plunger screw, the screw gear is arranged to mesh with a gear mounting to the shaft of a motor/gearhead assembly. In embodiments, the rotation and angular velocity of the output of the motor/gearhead shaft directly correlates to the position and velocity of the plunger screw. Thus, the position of the plunger screw is determined by the rotational position of the screw. This position of the plunger screw is in embodiments, monitored using encoders anywhere in the drive train that has rotating components or by monitoring step-counts if using a stepper motor.

In embodiments, the drive unit is arranged to initially receive the cassette unit housing at an intermediate pre-docking position for subsequent transport of the cassette unit to the docking position.

In embodiments, the drive unit is arranged to initially receive the cassette unit housing at the intermediate pre-docking position for automated verification thereof. Such verification can for example, be for the purpose of checking of drug and dosage information, checking that the drug is not past its expiry date and/or checking that the cassette has not been used previously.

In embodiments, the cassette unit is receivable by a cassette unit holder of the drive unit and the position corresponding to (e.g. initial) receipt of the cassette into the cassette unit holder corresponds to the intermediate position at which the automatic verification step is carried out.

In embodiments, the cassette unit further comprises an identifier. The identifier comprises data in a form that may be readily subject to interrogation. The drive unit comprises a reader for reading (interrogating) the identifier of the cassette unit and, in communication with the reader, a verifier for verifying the identifier.

In embodiments, the drive unit is arranged such that transport of the cassette unit to the docking position is permitted only following positive verification of the identifier. Thus, only appropriately identified cassette units are finally receivable into the device to enable injected drug delivery there from.

In embodiments, the identifier may include labelling selected from the group consisting of visual text, machine-readable text, bar codes, and dot codes. In embodiments, the identifier is in the form of a passive transceiver (e.g. an RFID tag) that is interrogable by means of an active transceiver (e.g. an RFID reader). In embodiments, the identifier is in the form of a bar code that is interrogable by means of a bar code reader.

In embodiments, the cassette unit comprises a first transceiver for transmitting and receiving data and the drive unit comprises a second transceiver for transmitting and receiving data, wherein data is transferable at least from the first transceiver to the second transceiver, and in embodiments in two-way fashion from the first transceiver to the second transceiver. The data is in embodiments in digital form and suitable for transfer by electronic, radio or optical means.

An advantage of embodiments of this type is the ability to store many types of information in different parts of the memory structure of the transceivers. The information is furthermore stored in a form, which is readily and accurately transferable. The information could for example, include manufacturing and distribution compliance information written to the memory at various points in the manufacturing or distribution process, thereby providing a detailed and readily accessible product history of the cassette unit housing. Such product history information may, for example, be referred to in the event of a product recall. The compliance information could, for example, include date and time stamps. The information could also include a unique serial number stored in encrypted form or in a password protectable part of the memory, which uniquely identifies the drug product and therefore may assist in the detection and prevention of counterfeiting. The information could also include basic product information such as the nature of the drug and dosing information, customer information such as the name of the intended customer, and distribution information such as the intended product destination.

On loading the drive unit with the cassette unit housing the second transceiver may, for example, read the unique serial number, batch code and expiry date of the drug and any other information on the first transceiver. In this way the nature and concentration of the drug in the syringe of the cassette unit, may be determined. Other information, such as the date and time of administration of the drug, or environmental exposure data such as the minimum/maximum temperatures or levels of humidity the cassette unit has been exposed to, may also be read and displayed to the user. In embodiments, this information is displayed to the patient on a visual display unit.

Data may also be transferred to and from any transceiver during the period of use of the auto-injector by the patient. For example, the auto-injector may include an electronic data system having various sensors associated therewith. Any data collected by the sensors or from any data collection system associated with the electronic data system including a clock or other date/time recorder is transferable. Data may be transferred each time the patient uses the auto-injector. Or alternatively, data may be stored in a database memory of the electronic data system and periodically downloaded to any transceiver. In either case, a history of the usage of the auto-injector may be built up in the memory of any transceiver or within the device non-volatile memory.

In embodiments, the first and second transceiver each comprise an antenna or equivalent for transmitting or receiving data and connecting thereto a memory. The memory will typically comprise an integrated circuit chip. Either transceiver may be configured to have a memory structure, which allows for large amounts of information to be stored thereon. The memory structure can be arranged such that parts of the memory are read-only, being programmed during/after manufacture, other parts are read/write and further parts are password protectable. Initial transfer of information (e.g. at the time of manufacture or of dispensing) to or from any transceiver can be arranged to be readily achievable by the use of a reader which is remote from the auto-injector, thereby minimising the need for direct product handling.

In embodiments, data is transferable (e.g. in two-way fashion) between the first transceiver on the cassette unit and second transceiver on the drive unit without the need for direct physical contact therebetween. In embodiments, data is transferable wirelessly between the first and second transceiver.

In embodiments, the second transceiver on the drive unit is an active transceiver and the first transceiver on the cassette unit is a passive transceiver. The term active is used to mean directly powered and the term passive is used to mean indirectly powered.

In embodiments, the first transceiver on the cassette unit comprises an identifier or tag comprising an antenna for transmitting or receiving interrogating energy; and an integrated circuit chip connecting with said antenna, and the second transceiver on the drive unit comprises a reader for said identifier or tag. In this case the identifier or tag is a passive transceiver and the reader is an active transceiver. In embodiments, the reader is not in direct contact with the tag or identifier that is to be read.

In embodiments, the integrated circuit chip has a read only memory area, a write only memory area, a read/write memory area or combinations thereof. In embodiments, the integrated circuit chip has a one-time programmable memory area. In embodiments, the one-time programmable memory area contains a unique serial number. In embodiments, the integrated circuit chip has a preset memory area containing a factory preset, non-changeable, unique data item. In embodiments, the preset memory item is in encrypted form. In embodiments, the integrated circuit chip has plural memory areas thereon. In embodiments, any memory area is password protected. In embodiments, any memory area contains data in encrypted form. Electronic methods of checking identity, error detection and data transfer may also be employed. In embodiments, the integrated circuit has plural memory areas thereon including a read only memory area containing a unique serial number, which may for example be embedded at the time of manufacture; a read/write memory area which can be made read only once information has been written thereto; and a password protected memory area containing data in encrypted form which data may be of anti-counterfeiting utility.

In embodiments, the tag is on a carrier and the carrier is mountable on the cassette unit. In embodiments, the carrier comprises an insulating material such as a glass material or, a paper material or an organic polymeric material such as polypropylene.

The interrogating energy may be in any suitable form including ultrasonic, infrared, radiofrequency, magnetic, optical and laser form. Any suitable channels may be used to channel the energy including fibre optic channels.

In embodiments, the first transceiver on the cassette comprises a radiofrequency identifier (RFID) comprising an antenna for transmitting or receiving radiofrequency energy; and an integrated circuit chip connecting with said antenna, and the second transceiver comprises a reader for said radiofrequency identifier. In this case the radiofrequency identifier is a passive transceiver and the reader is an active transceiver. An advantage of radiofrequency identifier technology is that the reader need not be in direct contact with the radiofrequency identifier tag or identifier to be read.

The radiofrequency identifier can be any known radiofrequency identifier. Such identifiers are sometimes known as radiofrequency transponders or radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags or identifiers. Suitable radiofrequency identifiers include those sold by Phillips Semiconductors of the Netherlands under the trade marks Hitag and Icode, those sold by Amtech Systems Corporation of the United States of America under the trade mark Intellitag, and those sold by Texas Instruments of the United States of America under the trade mark Tagit.

In embodiments, the antenna of the RFID tag is capable of transmitting or receiving radiofrequency energy having a frequency of from 100 kHz to 2.5 GHz. Preferred operating frequencies are selected from 125 kHz, 13.56 MHz and 2.4 GHz.

In embodiments, the first transceiver on the cassette unit comprises a magnetic identifier or tag comprising an antenna for transmitting or receiving magnetic field energy; and an integrated circuit chip connecting with said antenna, and the second transceiver on the drive unit comprises a reader for said magnetic identifier or tag. In this case the magnetic identifier or tag is a passive transceiver and the reader is an active transceiver.

In embodiments, the first transceiver on the cassette unit comprises a microelectronic memory chip and the second transceiver on the drive unit comprises a reader for said microelectronic memory chip. The microelectronic memory chip may comprise an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) chip, a SIM card-type memory chip or a flash type memory chip. In this case the microelectronic memory chip is a passive transceiver and the reader is an active transceiver.

Once the reader has read (or interrogated) the identifier of the cassette unit, that identifier data is communicated to a verifier, which conducts a verification step.

In embodiments, the verifier carries out the verification by comparing one or more pieces of data read from the identifier with acceptable data values. In embodiments, the comparison makes reference to a look-up table of acceptable values, which may include data that is patient specific. In one embodiment, the acceptable values of look-up table are pre-loaded into an electronic data unit of the drive unit. In another embodiment, the acceptable values of look-up table are downloadable to an electronic data unit of the drive unit (e.g. by communicating with an online data source). In one embodiment, the acceptable values of look-up table are calculable by an electronic data unit of the drive unit (e.g. based on data input by the user or feed-ins from sensors of the device). In one example, the data relates to type of drug with a comparison being made between the type of drug contained within the syringe and that required by the patient. In another example, the data relates to the ‘use by’ date of the drug with verification being made by reference to an electronic calendar of the electronic data unit of the drive unit with positive verification being registered only if the ‘use by’ date of the drug has not been exceeded. In another example, the data relates to the ‘lot number’ of the cassette unit and a check is made against whether that ‘lot number’ has been subject to a recall or not.

In embodiments, the drive unit is arranged such that transport of the cassette unit from the intermediate position to the docking position is permitted only following positive verification of the identifier. Thus, only appropriately verified cassette units are finally receivable into the device for drug delivery there from.

In embodiments, that transport of the cassette unit to the docking position is by automatic control under the action of the electrically powered source of drive. Thus, in embodiments positive verification of the cassette unit gives rise to a ‘transport to docking position’ signal from the electronic data unit to the source of drive, which results in the required transporting action.

In embodiments, the drive unit comprises a compartment for storage of one or more cassette units.

Electronic Data System

In embodiments, the auto-injector additionally comprises an electronic data system, typically under the control of one or more microcomputers. In embodiments, the electronic data system has input/output capability and comprises a memory for storage of data; one or more microprocessors for performing operations on said data; and a transmitter for transmitting a signal relating to the data or the outcome of an operation on the data. In embodiments, the electronic data system is arranged to be responsive to or activated by the voice of a user. Thus, for example the electronic data system may be switched on or off in response to a voice command.

In embodiments, the electronic data system is integral with the drive unit. Alternatively, the electronic data system forms part of an electronic data unit such as on a circuit board or plug-in, which is reversibly associable with the drive unit.

In embodiments, the drive unit or separable electronic data unit additionally comprises a data input system for user input of data to the electronic data system. In embodiments, the data input system comprises a man machine interface (MMI) in embodiments selected from a keypad, voice recognition interface, graphical user interface (GUI) or biometrics interface.

In embodiments, the electronic data system additionally comprises a visual display unit for display of data to the user. The display may for example, comprise a screen such as an LED or LCD screen. In embodiments the visual display unit is associable with the drive unit.

In embodiments, the auto-injector additionally comprises a data link for linking to a local data store to enable communication of data between the local data store and the electronic data system. The data store may also comprise data management, data analysis and data communication capability.

The data store may itself form part of a portable device (e.g. a handheld device) or it may be sized and shaped to be accommodated within the patient's home. The data store may also comprise a physical storage area for storage of replacement cassette units. The data store may further comprise an electrical recharging system for recharging any electrical energy store of the drive unit, particularly a battery recharging system.

The data link may for example enable linking with a docking station, a personal computer, a network computer system or a set-top box by any suitable method including a hard-wired link, an infrared link or any other suitable wireless communications link.

In embodiments, the auto-injector additionally comprises a communicator for wireless communication with a network computer system to enable transfer of data between the network computer system and the electronic data system. In embodiments, the communicator enables two-way transfer of data between the network computer system and the electronic data system. Wi-Fi enabled communicators are envisaged.

In embodiments, the data is communicable between the network computer system and the electronic data system in encrypted form. All suitable methods of encryption or partial encryption are envisaged. Password protection may also be employed. In embodiments, the communicator employs radiofrequency or optical signals.

In embodiments, the communicator communicates via a gateway to the network computer system. In another aspect, the communicator includes a network server (e.g. a web server) such that it may directly communicate with the network.

In a further aspect, the communicator communicates with the gateway via a second communications device. In embodiments, the second communications device is a telecommunications device, more in embodiments a cellular phone or pager. In embodiments, the communicator communicates with the second communications device using spread spectrum radiofrequency signals. A suitable spread spectrum protocol is the Bluetooth (trade mark) standard, which employs rapid (e.g. 1600 times a second) hopping between plural frequencies (e.g. 79 different frequencies). The protocol may further employ multiple sending of data bits (e.g. sending in triplicate) to reduce the effects of interference.

In embodiments, the network computer system comprises a public access network computer system. The Internet is one suitable example of a public access network computer system, wherein the point of access thereto can be any suitable entry point including an entry point managed by an Internet service provider. The public access network computer system may also form part of a telecommunications system, which may itself be a traditional copper wire system, a cellular system or an optical network.

In another aspect, the network computer system comprises a private access network computer system. The private access network system may for example, comprise an Intranet or Extranet, which may for example, be maintained by a health service provider or drug manufacturer. The network may for example include password protection; a firewall; and suitable encryption means.

In embodiments, the communicator enables communication with a user-specific network address in the network computer system. The user-specific network address may be selected from the group consisting of a web-site address; an e-mail address and a file transfer protocol address. In embodiments, the user-specific network address is accessible to a remote information source such that information from said remote information source might be made available thereto.

In embodiments, information from the user-specific network address is made available to the remote information source. In embodiments, the remote information source is a source of drug prescriptions, for example a doctor's practice or a hospital; a pharmacy; an emergency assistance provider; a manufacturer of drugs; or a research establishment.

In embodiments, the auto-injector additionally comprises a geographic positioning system such as a global positioning system or a system, which relies on the use of multiple communications signals and a triangulation algorithm.

In embodiments, the auto-injector additionally comprises an orientation sensor for checking on the orientation thereof. In embodiments, the auto-injector is arranged to operate only when in certain defined orientations (e.g. upright or nearly so).

Prescription and Supply

The cassette unit and drive unit may be arranged for use in different prescribing regimes to accommodate different patient therapeutic needs. In embodiments, prescribing data may be provided to a data store provided to the cassette unit (e.g. comprising an RFID tag); or to a data store provided to the drive unit (e.g. a memory of the electronic data system); or to any suitable combination of both of these. In embodiments, prescribing data may be provided to any data store at any suitable point in the supply chain thereof, including at manufacture of the relevant unit or at the moment of prescribing thereof by an authorised healthcare professional or pharmacist.

In one particular embodiment, a data store of the drive unit is provided with prescribing data (e.g. comprising any of the patient's name; the medication type; the prescription regime, for example including injection interval and dose value; the local time; and the local language) at a defined point in the supply chain thereof, which may be defined to be the time of manufacture thereof. Thus, in essence, at a defined point in the supply chain, the drive unit is ‘tailored’ with data relating to a prescription regime and/or to a particular patient. This ‘tailored’ drive unit is then provided (e.g. by a healthcare professional) to the patient along with one or more cassette units, each of which has no particular prescribing data associated therewith. This type of approach is sometimes known as the “supply chain set-up” approach.

In another particular embodiment, a data store of the drive unit is provided with a more general, typically non-personalised, set of prescribing data (e.g. comprising any of the medication type; the local time; and the local language) at a defined point in the supply chain thereof, which may be defined to be the time of manufacture thereof. Thus, the drive unit is not ‘tailored’ at any defined point in the supply chain with data relating to any particular patient prescribing regime. In addition, a data store of the cassette unit (e.g. RFID tag) is provided with prescribing data (e.g. comprising any of the patient's name; and the prescription regime, for example including injection interval and dose value) at a defined point in the supply chain thereof, which may be defined as the time of manufacture thereof. Thus, in essence, at a defined point in the supply chain, the cassette unit is ‘tailored’ with data relating to a prescription regime and/or to a particular patient. One or more of these ‘tailored’ cassette units is then provided (e.g. by a healthcare professional) to the patient along with a more general drive unit. This type of approach is sometimes known as the “RFID tag control” approach.

It will be appreciated that at the time of providing of the drive unit and cassette unit(s) to the patient (e.g. by the healthcare professional), the sum of prescribing data carried in combination by the cassette unit(s) and drive unit can arranged to be the same using either the “supply chain set-up” or “RFID tag control” approaches. It will also be appreciated that once the drive unit and any particular cassette unit are brought together (e.g. in assembled form to form the auto-injector herein) that prescribing data may be arranged for transfer from drive unit to cassette unit and vice-versa (e.g. by reading/writing to the RFID tag on the cassette unit by means of a reader/writer on the drive unit).

On switching prescription regimes, where the “supply chain set-up” approach is employed, a change of prescription regime will typically require the drive unit to be sent back to the supply chain (e.g. to manufacturer, doctor or pharmacist) to ‘re-programme’ the drive unit by uploading the data store of the drive unit with new/replacement prescribing data relating to the new prescribing regime. The ‘re-programmed’ drive unit is then provided again to the patient.

In particular embodiments, the healthcare provider is provided with a ‘switching cassette’. This ‘switching cassette’ does not contain any drug or syringe, but when inserted into a patient's device information contained at the RFID tag is arranged to trigger a change in regimen settings within the device.

On switching prescription regimes, where the “RFID tag control” approach is employed, a change of prescription regime will typically require the patient to be provided (e.g. by a healthcare professional) with one or more cassette units ‘tailored’ with data relating to the new prescribing regime. There is thus, with this approach, no need to send the drive unit back for ‘re-programming’ on switching prescription regimes. In embodiments, on use of the new cassette unit(s) with the original drive unit, that drive unit may be arranged to detect a change of prescribing regime (e.g. vs. the previous regime) and will signal this change to the patient (e.g. by displaying a message on a display unit) and/or may ask the patient to confirm the change of prescribing regime before continuing.

Kit of Parts

In embodiments, there is also provided a kit of parts comprising a cassette unit (absent syringe) as described above; and a syringe containing a liquid drug formulation.

In embodiments, there is further provided a kit of parts comprising a cassette unit (which may in embodiments, be in kit of parts form) as described above; and a drive unit as described above.

In embodiments, there is further provided a kit of parts comprising an auto-injector (which may in embodiments, be in kit of parts form) as described above; and packaging therefor. Suitable packaging typically comprises a storage container for the drive unit and one or more cassette units.

In certain implementations, an injection kit includes a cassette unit housing having an inner surface and a plurality of syringe barrels having different physical dimensions. The kit may also include a plurality of sleeve form adapters configured to receive at least one of the syringe barrels, where the sleeve form adapter has an outer surface configured to interfit with the inner surface of the cassette unit housing.

In certain embodiments, each syringe barrel has a unique circumference size or a unique contoured surface that mates with the sleeve form adapter.

Method of Assembling a Medicament-Injector

In certain implementations, a method of assembly a medicament-injector includes selecting a syringe barrel among a plurality of syringe barrels, each of the plurality of syringe barrels having a different physical dimension than is found in the other of the plurality. The method may also include selecting a sleeve form adapter configured to mate with the selected syringe barrel, interfitting the syringe barrel within the sleeve form adapter, and installing the sleeve form adapter within a cassette unit. In certain embodiments, each syringe barrel has a unique circumference size or a unique contoured surface that mates with the sleeve form adapter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure is further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first cassette unit of an auto-injector herein and shown in the ‘pre-use’ configuration;

FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the first cassette unit of FIG. 1 arranged for use with a 1 ml syringe also in the ‘pre-use’ configuration;

FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the first cassette unit of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the first cassette unit of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5a is a part-exploded view of a syringe with shoulder support assembly suitable for use with the cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIG. 5b is a perspective view of the syringe with shoulder support assembly of FIG. 5 a;

FIG. 5c is a sectional view of the syringe with shoulder support assembly of FIGS. 5a and 5 b;

FIGS. 6a and 6b are perspective and cross sectional view of a first needle cover for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIGS. 7a and 7b are perspective and cross sectional view of a rigid needle shield for use with the needle cover of FIGS. 6a and 6 b;

FIGS. 8a and 8b are perspective side-on views of a cassette unit housing and shuttle lock control part-assembly of the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4 at respective, first ‘cassette unused’ and third ‘cassette used’ positions;

FIG. 8c shows the separate cassette unit housing and shuttle lock control parts of the part-assembly of FIGS. 8a and 8 b;

FIGS. 9a to 9c are close-up perspective side-on views of the cassette unit housing and shuttle lock control part-assembly of FIGS. 8a and 8b at respective, first ‘cassette unused’, second ‘cassette unlocked’ and third ‘cassette used’ positions;

FIGS. 10a to 10c are sectional views taken along the line A-A′ of FIGS. 9a to 9c of the cassette unit housing and shuttle lock control part-assembly of FIGS. 8a and 8b at respective, first ‘cassette unused’, second ‘cassette unlocked’ and third ‘cassette used’ positions;

FIGS. 11a to 11c are sectional views taken along the plane bisecting locking arm 24 of FIGS. 9a to 9c of the cassette unit housing and shuttle lock control part-assembly of FIGS. 8a and 8b at respective, first ‘cassette unused’, second ‘cassette unlocked’ and third ‘cassette used’ positions;

FIG. 12 is a perspective exploded view of an end-cap, end-cap biasing and damping element and plunger slaving part for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIG. 13 is a sectional view of the upper part of the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4 showing details of end-cap, end-cap biasing and damping element and plunger slaving part interaction with the rearward flange of the syringe within the cassette unit housing;

FIGS. 14a to 14d are side, rear plan, front plan and sectional views of a plunger slaving part for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIGS. 15a to 15d are perspective, side, rear plan and front plan views of a first biasing and damping element for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIGS. 16a to 16d are perspective, side, rear plan and front plan views of a second biasing and damping element for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIGS. 17a to 17d are perspective, side, rear plan and front plan views of a third biasing and damping element for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIG. 18 is a schematic view of a tower form projection of the type present in the first, second and third biasing and damping elements of FIGS. 15a to 15d ; 16 a to 16 d; and 17 a to 17 d respectively;

FIGS. 19a to 19c are perspective, side and front plan views of a fourth biasing and damping element for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIGS. 20a to 20c are perspective, side and front plan views of a fifth biasing and damping element for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIGS. 21a to 21c are perspective, side and front plan views of a sixth biasing and damping element for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIGS. 22a to 22c are perspective, side and front plan views of a seventh biasing and damping element for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIG. 23 is an exploded view of the connector, cap insert and removable cap of the first cassette unit of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 24a and 24b show sequential steps of assembly of syringe and connector into cap insert of the first cassette unit of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 25a and 25b show sequential steps of assembly of syringe and connector into cap insert within cap of the first cassette unit of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 26a to 26c show sequential steps of (i) cap removal, (ii) start of cap replacement and (iii) end of cap replacement respectively showing syringe, connector and cap insert parts only;

FIGS. 27a to 27c show sequential steps of (i) cap removal, (ii) start of cap replacement and (iii) end of cap replacement for the cassette unit of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 28a to 28c show sequential steps of (i) cap removal, (ii) start of cap replacement and (iii) end of cap replacement for the cassette unit as shown at FIGS. 27a to 27c but with the view rotated 45° compared to those views of FIGS. 27a to 27 c;

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of a first drive unit, particularly suitable for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIG. 30 is a perspective view of the first drive unit of FIG. 29 with a first cassette unit received at the docking position;

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of the first drive unit of FIG. 29 with the outer cover removed to show the drive arrangement thereof;

FIG. 32 is an exploded view of the first drive unit of FIG. 29 with the outer cover removed to show the drive arrangement thereof;

FIG. 33 is a system drawing of a suitable electronic control system for use with the drive unit of FIG. 29;

FIGS. 34a to 34c are sectional views showing sequential use steps of the cassette unit holder locking mechanism of the drive unit of FIGS. 31 and 32 (shown without cassette unit); and

FIGS. 35a to 35i are sectional views showing sequential use steps of a first drive unit of FIGS. 29 to 32 with a first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIGS. 36a to 36i are sectional views also showing sequential use steps of a first drive unit of FIGS. 29 to 32 with a first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4, but with the view rotated 135° compared to those views of FIGS. 35a to 35 i;

FIGS. 37a to 37f are various views of the connector for connecting the needle cover to the removable cap in the assembly of FIG. 23;

FIG. 38 is a plan view of the connector connecting to the needle cover and syringe;

FIGS. 39a to 39d are perspective, side, rear plan and front plan views of an eighth biasing and damping element for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4;

FIG. 40 is a perspective exploded view of an end-cap, the eighth biasing and damping element of FIGS. 39a to 39d and a plunger slaving part for use with the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4; and

FIG. 41 is a sectional view of the upper part of the first cassette unit of FIGS. 1 to 4 showing details of end-cap, the eighth end-cap biasing and damping element of FIGS. 39a to 39d and plunger slaving part interaction with the rearward flange of the syringe within the cassette unit housing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

To provide an overall understanding of the systems, devices and methods described herein, certain illustrative embodiments will now be described. For the purpose of clarity and illustration these systems and methods will be described with respect to auto-injectors that employ electrically powered drive units and cassette units that receive medicament syringes. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the systems, devices and methods described herein may be adapted and modified as is appropriate, and that these systems, devices and methods may be employed in other suitable applications, such as for other types of drive units and cassette units, and that other such additions and modifications will not depart from the scope hereof.

FIGS. 1 to 4 show a first cassette unit 1 of an auto-injector herein arranged for use with a 1 ml syringe 10 that contains a liquid drug formulation (not shown). The cassette unit 1 comprises an elongate form cassette unit housing 20 having an end-cap 40 that is arranged for receipt of the syringe 10 and is sized and shaped for this purpose. The cassette unit housing 20 and inner housing sleeve 30 contained thereby are made of clear plastic to allow for viewing of the syringe 10 to provide a visual indication of use. The inner housing sleeve 30 is further provided with security label 21, which may in aspects be an RFID tag label for use in verification purposes. The cassette unit 1 is provided with a removable cap 50 that is arranged to engage the needle cover 19 via cap insert 90 of the syringe 10 and that is shown at FIGS. 1 and 2 in the capped position. The cap 50 is provided at the brim thereof with a peripheral arrangement of through-hole (i.e. socket like) first engagement features 52 (not visible on FIG. 2). The cap 50 is shaped to define a ring pull 54 for receipt by the finger of a user. The cap 50 is also provided with two axial guide channels 53 (spaced at 180° intervals, only one visible on FIGS. 1 and 3), each for receipt of head 91 a of a protruding leg 91 of cap insert 90.

The gripping ring 54 of the removable cap defines a finger aperture to receive a patient's thumb or other preferred finger for pulling the removable cap away from the cassette unit 1 to expose the needle 14. In certain embodiments, the finger aperture is adapted to receive a hook that some patients use to pull the removable cap 50 away from the cassette unit 1. The removable cap 50 with gripping ring 54 makes it easier for patients to engage and disengage the needle cover 17 and rigid needle shield 19 from the syringe barrel 12 as it does not require the patient to contort their fingers by pressing on the sides of a narrow needle cover 17/19. As noted before, the present auto-injector is intended for use by patients having compromised manual dexterity who may therefore experience difficulty pulling a conventional needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19 off the syringe 10 before self-injection. The gripping ring 54 addresses this need by allowing the patient to simply put the thumb or other preferred finger through the finger aperture 54 and pull on the removable cap to thereby remove the needle cover 17 and rigid needle shield 19.

The syringe 10 is of a standard 1 ml type and comprises a barrel 12 with end flange 16 for holding a liquid drug formulation; a hollow needle 14 at one end of the barrel 12; and a syringe plunger 18 in the form of a rubber stopper that is arranged for axial movement within the barrel 12 such as to enable the liquid drug formulation to be expelled through the hollow needle 14. As shown at FIG. 2, the syringe plunger 18 is at the ‘pre-use’ position. The hollow needle 14 defines a needle bore, which is of circular cross-section (e.g. 23G, 25G or 27G diameter) and a needle tip 15. The needle tip 15 is sheathed by needle sheath 17, which is also provided with rigid needle sheath shell 19. More detail of this relationship is now described by reference to FIGS. 6a to 7b , which illustrate an exemplary arrangement of needle sheath 17 and needle cover 19.

FIG. 6a depicts a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a sheath-like needle cover 17, which is cylindrical in shape and defines a shoulder 17 a at the rear end. The needle sheath 17 may be made out of rubbery material that allows a portion of the connector 56 to dig into the outer surface thereof, such as that defined by the shoulder 17 a to permanently engage the needle sheath 17 to the connector 56. FIG. 6b shows a cross sectional view of the same needle sheath 17. As depicted, the needle cover 17 includes a needle receiving portion 17 b that is arranged in use, for piercing receipt of the tip 15 of the needle 14 as for example, shown at FIG. 2. In embodiments, the needle receiving portion 17 b is made from butadiene rubber. In certain embodiments, the needle sheath 17 is hollow, but other shaped arrangements of the interior of the needle sheath 17 are also possible.

FIGS. 7a and 7b show views of a rigid needle shield 19 for use with the needle sheath 17 of FIGS. 6a and 6b . Rectangular openings 19 a are provided at the rear end of the needle shield for receipt of the shoulder 17 a of the needle sheath 17 to enable the forming of a needle cover as may be seen at FIG. 2.

The cassette unit housing 20 of the cassette unit 1 is arranged to define a cassette unit housing cavity that is sized and shaped for generally fixed receipt of the syringe 10. The cassette unit housing 20 defines at its forward end a needle delivery aperture 23 through which in use, the hollow needle 14 of the syringe 10 and a portion of the glass hub thereof protrudes on removal of the cap 50 there from. The cassette unit housing 20 is arranged to receive at its rearward end an end-cap 40 close to which the end flange 16 of the syringe 10 seats.

The cassette unit housing 20 is provided with a radial arrangement of first engagement features in the form of movable locking legs 24 defining angled tips 25 (not visible on FIG. 2) thereon arranged for reversibly engaging the corresponding radial arrangement of second engagement features in the form of socket through holes 52 of the removable cap 50 for reversible lock engagement of the removable cap 50 to the cassette unit housing 20.

The cassette unit 1 is provided with an inner housing sleeve 30 for sleeved receipt of the syringe 10. The rear part of the inner housing sleeve 30 is provided with a spaced pair of rearward protruding arms 31. The inner housing sleeve 30 also forms a shuttle lock control feature 32 defining a radial arrangement of blocking elements 34 for selectively blocking movement of the movable locking legs 24 of the cassette unit housing 20 relative to the socket holes 52 of the cap 50, thereby providing for selective control of cap locking/unlocking, more details of which are described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 8a to 11 c.

Applicant has found that to reduce the risk of the syringe 10 fracturing under the loads associated with injecting the drug, it is important for a majority of the load path to travel through the forward shoulder 11 of the syringe barrel 12 and lesser load to pass through the flange 16 at the rear end thereof. Thus, as further shown at FIGS. 5a to 5c but with syringe plunger 18 absent, the syringe 10 of the cassette unit 1 additionally comprises a shoulder support feature 5 for supporting the forward shoulder 11 of the syringe. The shoulder support feature 5 may also used to adapt a 1 ml syringe for use in the cassette unit 1. It supports the 1 ml syringe shoulder 11, and transmits the load through to the same surface that would support a 2.25 ml syringe shoulder directly.

The shoulder support feature 5 may be seen to comprise a split-barrel 6 that is sized and shaped for receipt by the syringe barrel 12 and a forward lip 7 that is arranged to locate in snap-fit fashion between the rigid needle sheath shell 19 and the forward shoulder 11 of the syringe 10. In embodiments, the use of such a shoulder support feature 5 is to adapt the smaller diameter 1 ml syringe to the diameter of the 2.25 ml syringe shoulder 11. Provision may also be made for poor dimensional control in the production of glass syringes.

Within the cassette unit 1, the shoulder support feature 5 for the syringe 10 interacts with the inner wall of the cassette unit housing 20, which thereby acts to constrain the position of the shoulder support feature 5 and syringe 10 within the cassette unit housing 20. The inner wall of the cassette unit housing 20 also prevents the forward lip 7 of the shoulder support feature 5 from flexing outwards when injection loads are applied to the syringe 10. Thus, the forward shoulder 11 of the syringe 10 effectively captures the forward lip 7 of the shoulder support feature. Also, the rearward split-barrel part 6 of the shoulder support feature 5 acts to sleeve a portion of the syringe barrel 12.

An additional consequence of this part-sleeved relationship between shoulder support feature 5 and syringe barrel 12 is to increase the effective diameter of the syringe barrel 12. By choice of different sizes, particularly inner diameters, of shoulder support feature 5 different syringe 10 sizes may be accommodated within the same cassette unit housing 20. Thus, the shoulder support 5 may also effectively be used as a syringe size adapter feature.

The syringe plunger 18 is provided with a plunger slaving part 60 that is axially movable within the syringe barrel 12 and for receipt by the rear end of the plunger 18. The syringe plunger 18 is made of a material that is resiliently compressible and the plunger slaving part 60 is made of a less compressible material, typically a rigid material.

Further structural details of the plunger slaving part 60 may be seen by reference to FIGS. 12, 13 and 14 a to 14 d. Thus, the plunger slaving part 60 defining a circumferential wall 62 arranged for frictional sliding relationship with the inner wall 12 a of the syringe barrel 12, a rear face 63 and a front plunger-contacting face 64. As may be seen at FIGS. 13, 14 b and 14 d, the rear face 63 of the plunger slaving part 60 has a central recess 65 for receipt of a drive transfer element. The central recess 65 is shaped such that the drive transfer element is rotatably receivable therein and has a recess form 65 that tapers to a square-cut end 66. The slaving part 60 is arranged to function such that when a load is applied to the square cut end 66 the load is evenly transmitted directly into the plunger 18. The front plunger-contacting face 64 defines a protruding plug end 67 that is arranged for receipt by the rear end of the syringe plunger 18. In embodiments, the plug end 67 is designed to prevent collapse in use, of the plunger 18, which has a cavity in its centre into which a plunger rod may be screwed for manual syringe applications.

The circumferential wall 62 of the plunger slaving part is provided with an evenly spaced radial arrangement of slide restrictors 68 that function to restrict frictional sliding movement thereof in relation to the inner wall 12 a of the syringe barrel 12. Each of the slide restrictors comprises a flexible vane 68 arranged to flex slightly in response to frictional sliding movement of the plunger slaving part 60 and to thereby to increase the resistance of the plunger slaving part 60 to frictional sliding movement. In embodiments, the flexible vanes 68 are arranged to increase the initial resistance to forward frictional sliding movement but to impart lesser resistance to said forward frictional sliding movement once movement is underway. In embodiments, the flexible vanes 68 are arranged to more greatly increase the resistance to a backward frictional sliding movement than to the forward frictional sliding movement.

The slaving part 60 may be arranged to be coloured and to perform a second function of providing an easy-to-identify visual indicator of the position of the plunger 18 within the syringe 10 so that the patient can visually confirm the drug had been fully injected. The flexible vanes 68 act such as to maintain the plunger slaving part 60 in the ‘after use’ (i.e. post-injection) position such that this indicator can be relied upon to signal this ‘after use’ state. In embodiments, the plunger slaving part 60 has a third function; one of tamper evidence: If an attempt is made to access the syringe 10 via the end-cap 40, the plunger slaving part 60 will be pushed out of engagement with the end-cap 40, resulting in visible evidence of tamper.

The cassette unit 1 includes, in capping relationship with a rear opening of the cassette unit housing 20, a cassette unit end-cap 40. Further structural details of the cassette unit end-cap 40 may be seen by reference to FIGS. 4, 12 and 13. The cassette unit end-cap 40 defines a drive rod-receiving opening 41 for receipt of a drive rod (part of the drive unit, not shown) for providing forward axial drive to the plunger slaving part 60. Four fixing legs 39 with heels 39 a locate at spaced intervals about the inner end wall of the end-cap 40 and protrude forwards for fixing receipt (not visible on FIG. 13) with fixing sockets 29 of the cassette unit housing 20. In addition, fixing T-legs 38 with T-features 38 a locate at 180° spacing about the inner end wall of the end-cap 40 and protrude forwards for fixing receipt (not visible on FIG. 13) with fixing T-sockets 23 of the cassette unit housing 20.

The cassette unit end-cap 40 also defines a spaced pair of cut-away apertures 51 (see FIGS. 1 and 13) positioned such that when the cassette unit end-cap 40 is in capped relationship with the cassette unit housing 20 the cut-away apertures 51 are in registration with the protruding arms 31 of the inner housing sleeve 30. Each cut-away aperture 51 is designed allow for insertion of a pushing member (e.g. a pin) such that forward pushing force may be applied to the top of the protruding arms 31 to push the inner housing sleeve 30 forward, thereby allowing for actuation of the shuttle lock control 32, as described in more detail hereinafter.

In the pre-use configuration (e.g. as shown at FIGS. 2 and 13), the plunger slaving part 60 is in releasable engagement with the cassette unit end-cap 40. Structurally, the drive rod-receiving opening 41 is defined by a periphery, which is provided with a forward skirt 42 and the plunger slaving part 60 is shaped for releasable engagement in the pre-use configuration with the forward skirt 42. In more detail and with particular reference to FIG. 13, the forward skirt 42 is provided with an inner-facing rim 43 and the plunger slaving part 60 defines a circumferential rim 61 and trough 69 shaped for releasable engagement in the pre-use configuration with the inner-facing rim 43 of the end-cap 40. In use, the plunger slaving part 60 is releasable from the cassette unit end-cap 40 in response to forward axial drive provided to the square cut end 66 thereof.

The cassette unit 1 additionally comprises an end-cap biasing and damping element 45, which defines a biasing relationship between the cassette unit end-cap 40 and the flange 16 of the syringe 10, thereby urging the syringe 10 forwards in relation to the cassette unit end-cap 40. The effect of this sprung relationship is to better hold the syringe 10 within the cassette unit housing 20, and in particular to minimize any potential for the syringe to ‘rattle about’ within the cassette unit housing 20. It will also be appreciated, particularly when reference is made to FIG. 2, that the effect of such urging forwards of the syringe 10 is also to bring the forward shoulder 11 of the syringe 10 into closer relationship with shoulder support feature 5, which sits between that forward shoulder 11 and the rigid needle sheath cover 19. Overall, thus the forward end of the syringe 10 thus, tends to be more supported. An additional effect of the biasing and damping element 45 is to prevent rearward movement of the syringe 10 during needle insertion, ensuring that full insertion depth is achieved.

The biasing and damping element 45 of the cassette unit 1 also acts to define a damping relationship between the cassette unit end-cap 60 and the flange 16 of the syringe 10, and can thereby act to damp rearward movement of the syringe 10 relative to the cassette unit end-cap 60. The biasing and damping element 45 can thereby damp any such relative movement of the syringe 10 and cassette unit end-cap 60 as may arise from the effects of shock (e.g. shock impact), which may arise e.g. if the cassette unit 1 is dropped onto a hard surface, and thus act to damp the effects of shock impact.

Further structural details of the biasing and damping element 45, which is typically comprised of a polymeric material such as a thermoplastic elastomer, and may be formed by a moulding process, may be seen by reference to FIGS. 12, 13 and 15 a to 15 d. The biasing and damping element 45 defines a central ring form 49. Within the cassette unit, this ring 49 is sized and shaped to fit about the forward skirt 42 of the end-cap 40 and when the plunger slaving part 60 is engaged with the end-cap 40 (e.g. as shown at FIGS. 2 and 13) about the outer circumferential wall 62 of the plunger slaving part 60. The rear face 46 a of the forward part 46 of the biasing and damping element 45 defines an essentially flat profile, which allows it to seat up against the inner end wall of the end-cap 40 where it is held in place by the through-molding via holes 44 on the inner wall of the end-cap 40 with integrally formed through-legs 44 a, which may be seen to be radially arranged in spaced fashion between the ring-shaped rear part 48 of the biasing and damping element 45 and its main body. As shown at FIG. 13, when the biasing and damping element 45 seats up against the end cap 40, the ring-shaped rear part 48 of the biasing and damping element 45 lies within a circular grooved portion of the rear face of end cap 40. In the embodiment shown, four through-legs 44 a are shown, but in other embodiments different numbers of through-legs (e.g. from two to six) may be employed. Four circumferentially spaced damping projections 47 extend forwards from the biasing and damping element 45 and connect with the rear end of the syringe flange 16, thereby biasing it forwards.

As shown at FIGS. 15a to 15d , each damping projection 47 has a projecting tower form, as shown schematically at FIG. 18. The tower form is designed to yield in a controlled manner in response to compression by the syringe flange 16. Each projecting tower has two sections, namely a forward section 47 a, which is arranged to contact the syringe flange, that is relatively slender and easily deformed; and a rearward section 47 b which increases (e.g. by a tapering or sloping geometric form) in width from the base of the upper section to where it contacts the end-cap 40. In embodiments, this form of projecting tower is intended to provide a low biasing force by deforming mainly the forward section 47 a, and the high impact compression force mainly through compressing (e.g. partial compression of) the rearward section 47 b.

As shown schematically at FIG. 18, each projecting tower form 47 has a forward section 47 a, which is arranged to contact the syringe flange 16, and which defines a cross-section with width A and height B dimensions. This projecting tower form 47 also has a rearward section 47 b, which defines a cross-section with a width that varies from A (at the base of the upper section) to C (where it contacts the end-cap). This form of projecting tower 47 is intended to provide a low biasing force by deforming mainly the forward section 47 a, and the high impact compression force mainly by compressing the rearward section 47 b. In embodiments, under high impact (e.g. shock) compression both the forward 47 a and rearward 47 b sections are compressed, and the forward section 47 a compresses more readily because it is generally more slender. Desired variations of the biasing/compression force characteristics may be achieved by varying the dimensions A, B and C. In embodiments, the height of the rearward section can also be altered to tune performance. In embodiments, the overall height of the damping projection is governed by the distance between the syringe flange 16 and the end-cap 40 of the cassette unit 1. In embodiments, A is from 1 to 4 mm; B is from 0.75 to 1.5 mm; and C is from 2 to 7 mm.

An alternative form of biasing and damping element 745, which is suitable for use in the first cassette unit 1, is shown at FIGS. 39a to 41. This eighth biasing and damping element 745 is typically comprised of a polymeric material such as a thermoplastic elastomer, and may be formed by a moulding process. Its form corresponds to that of the first biasing and damping element of FIGS. 15a to 15d except that rear part 48 is absent. Thus, the biasing and damping element 745 defines a central ring form 749. Within the cassette unit, this ring 749 is sized and shaped to fit about the forward skirt 42 of the end-cap 40 and when the plunger slaving part 60 is engaged with the end-cap 40 (e.g. as shown at FIG. 41) about the outer circumferential wall 62 of the plunger slaving part 60. The rear face 746 a of the forward part 746 of the biasing and damping element 745 defines an essentially flat profile, which allows it to seat up against the inner end wall of the end-cap 40 where it is held in place by the push-in relationship between integrally formed through-legs 744 a with holes 44 on the inner wall of the end-cap 40. As shown at FIG. 41, the rear end face of through-legs 744 a protrude through to a circular grooved portion of the rear face of end cap 40. In other embodiments, that circular grooved portion is absent and the rear end face of through-legs 744 a lie flush with the rear face of end cap 40. The through-legs 744 a may be seen to be radially arranged in spaced fashion on the biasing and damping element 745. In the embodiment shown, four through-legs 744 a are shown, but in other embodiments different numbers of through-legs (e.g. from two to six) may be employed. Four circumferentially spaced damping projections 747 of projecting tower form extend forwards from the biasing and damping element 745 and connect with the rear end of the syringe flange 16, thereby biasing it forwards.

Other alternative and variant forms of biasing and damping element 45 are shown at FIGS. 16a to 17d and 19a to 22c , each of which is suitable for use in the first cassette unit 1.

FIGS. 16a to 16d show structural details of a second biasing and damping element 145, which is typically comprised of a polymeric material, and which may be appreciated to be a minor variation of the biasing and damping element 45 of FIGS. 15a to 15d . The second biasing and damping element 145 defines a central ring form 149. Within the cassette unit, this ring 149 is sized and shaped to fit about the forward skirt 42 of the end-cap 40 and when the plunger slaving part 60 is engaged with the end-cap 40 (e.g. essentially as shown at FIGS. 2 and 13) about the outer circumferential wall 62 of the plunger slaving part 60. The rear face 146 a of the forward part 146 of the second biasing and damping element 145 defines an essentially flat profile, which allows it to seat up against the inner end wall of the end-cap 40 where it is held in place by the through-molding via holes 44 on the inner wall of the end-cap 40 with through-legs 144 a on the rear part 148 of the biasing and damping element 145. Four circumferentially spaced damping projections 147 extend forwards from the biasing and damping element 145 and connect with the rear end of the syringe flange 16, thereby biasing it forwards. Each damping projection 147 has a projecting tower form, as shown schematically at FIG. 18.

FIGS. 17a to 17d show structural details of a third biasing and damping element 245, which is typically comprised of a polymeric material, and which also may be appreciated to be a minor variation of the biasing and damping element 45 of FIGS. 15a to 15d . The third biasing and damping element 245 defines a central ring form 249. Within the cassette unit, this ring 249 is sized and shaped to fit about the forward skirt 42 of the end-cap 40 and when the plunger slaving part 60 is engaged with the end-cap 40 (e.g. essentially as shown at FIGS. 2 and 13) about the outer circumferential wall 62 of the plunger slaving part 60. The rear face 246 a of the forward part 246 of the third biasing and damping element 245 defines an essentially flat profile, which allows it to seat up against the inner end wall of the end-cap 40 where it is held in place by the through-molding via holes 44 on the inner wall of the end-cap 40 with through-legs 244 a on the rear part 248 of the biasing and damping element 245. Four circumferentially spaced damping projections 247 extend forwards from the biasing and damping element 245 and connect with the rear end of the syringe flange 16, thereby biasing it forwards. Each damping projection 247 has a projecting tower form, as shown schematically at FIG. 18.

FIGS. 19a to 19c show structural details of a fourth biasing and damping element 345, which is typically comprised of a polymeric material, and which also may be appreciated to be an alternative to the biasing and damping element 45 of FIGS. 15a to 15d . The fourth biasing and damping element 345 defines a central ring form 349. Within the cassette unit, this ring 349 is sized and shaped to fit about the forward skirt 42 of the end-cap 40 and when the plunger slaving part 60 is engaged with the end-cap 40 (e.g. essentially as shown at FIGS. 2 and 13) about the outer circumferential wall 62 of the plunger slaving part 60. The rear face 346 a of the forward part 346 of the fourth biasing and damping element 345 defines an essentially flat profile, which allows it to seat up against the inner end wall of the end-cap 40 where it is held in place by the through-molding via holes 44 on the inner wall of the end-cap 40 with through-legs 344 a on the rear part 348 of the biasing and damping element 345. Four circumferentially spaced ‘two-finger’ form damping projections 347 extend forwards from the biasing and damping element 345 and connect with the rear end of the syringe flange 16, thereby biasing it forwards.

FIGS. 20a to 20c show structural details of a fifth biasing and damping element 445, which is typically comprised of a polymeric material, and which also may be appreciated to be an alternative to the biasing and damping element 45 of FIGS. 15a to 15d . The fifth biasing and damping element 445 defines a central ring form 449. Within the cassette unit, this ring 449 is sized and shaped to fit about the forward skirt 42 of the end-cap 40 and when the plunger slaving part 60 is engaged with the end-cap 40 (e.g. essentially as shown at FIGS. 2 and 13) about the outer circumferential wall 62 of the plunger slaving part 60. The rear face 446 a of the forward part 446 of the fifth biasing and damping element 445 defines an essentially flat profile, which allows it to seat up against the inner end wall of the end-cap 40 where it is held in place by the through-molding via holes 44 on the inner wall of the end-cap 40 with through-legs 444 a on the rear part 448 of the biasing and damping element 445. Four circumferentially spaced dual-radial form damping projections 447 extend forwards from the biasing and damping element 445 and connect with the rear end of the syringe flange 16, thereby biasing it forwards.

FIGS. 21a to 21c show structural details of a sixth biasing and damping element 545, which is typically comprised of a polymeric material, and which also may be appreciated to be an alternative to the biasing and damping element 45 of FIGS. 15a to 15d . The sixth biasing and damping element 545 defines a central ring form 549. Within the cassette unit, this ring 549 is sized and shaped to fit about the forward skirt 42 of the end-cap 40 and when the plunger slaving part 60 is engaged with the end-cap 40 (e.g. essentially as shown at FIGS. 2 and 13) about the outer circumferential wall 62 of the plunger slaving part 60. The rear face 546 a of the forward part 546 of the sixth biasing and damping element 545 defines an essentially flat profile, which allows it to seat up against the inner end wall of the end-cap 40 where it is held in place by the through-molding via holes 44 on the inner wall of the end-cap 40 with through-legs 544 a on the rear part 548 of the biasing and damping element 545. A circular collapsible V-form damping projection 547 extends forwards from the biasing and damping element 545 and connects with the rear end of the syringe flange 16, thereby biasing it forwards.

FIGS. 22a to 22c show structural details of a seventh biasing and damping element 645, which is typically comprised of a polymeric material, and which also may be appreciated to be an alternative to the biasing and damping element 45 of FIGS. 15a to 15d . The seventh biasing and damping element 645 defines a central ring form 649. Within the cassette unit, this ring 649 is sized and shaped to fit about the forward skirt 42 of the end-cap 40 and when the plunger slaving part 60 is engaged with the end-cap 40 (e.g. essentially as shown at FIGS. 2 and 13) about the outer circumferential wall 62 of the plunger slaving part 60. The rear face 646 a of the forward part 646 of the seventh biasing and damping element 645 defines an essentially flat profile, which allows it to seat up against the inner end wall of the end-cap 40 where it is held in place by the through-molding via holes 44 on the inner wall of the end-cap 40 with through-legs 644 a on the rear part 648 of the biasing and damping element 645. Four circumferentially spaced radial-edged tower form damping projections 647 extend forwards from the biasing and damping element 645 and connect with the rear end of the syringe flange 16, thereby biasing it forwards.

Details of the selective control of cap locking/unlocking of the first cassette unit 1 are now described by reference to FIGS. 8a to 11c . It will be noted that for illustrative purposes only, FIG. 8c shows the separate cassette unit housing 20 and shuttle lock control 32 parts of the part-assembly of FIGS. 8a and 8 b.

The cassette unit housing 20 is provided with a radial arrangement of first engagement features in the form of axially protruding locking legs 24 having heels defining angled tips 25 having a chamfered edge 25 a and movable by flexing action and arranged for reversibly engaging a corresponding radial arrangement of second engagement features in the form of socket through holes 52 of the removable cap 50 (see FIGS. 1 and 3) for reversible lock engagement of the removable cap 50 to the cassette unit housing 20. In a secondary aspect, this arrangement also acts to prevent rotation of the cap 50 relative to the cassette unit housing 20.

The inner housing sleeve 30 defines a shuttle lock control feature 32 comprising a radial arrangement of blocking elements 34 for selectively blocking inwardly flexing movement of the movable locking legs 24 of the cassette unit housing 20 relative to the socket holes 52 of the cap 50, thereby providing for selective control of cap locking/unlocking.

The shuttle lock control 32 is axially movable relative to the cassette unit housing 20 in between three positions, namely:

-   -   (i) as shown at FIGS. 8a, 9a, 10a and 11a , a first ‘cassette         unused’ position, in which the blocking elements 34 block         movement of the locking legs 24 of the cassette unit housing 20         relative to the socket through holes 52 of the removable cap,         thereby keeping the removable cap 50 in locked relationship to         the cassette unit housing 20;     -   (ii) as shown at FIGS. 9b, 10b and 11b , a second ‘cassette         unlocked’ position, in which the blocking elements 34 no longer         block movement of the locking legs 24 of the cassette unit         housing 20 relative to relative to the socket through holes 52         of the removable cap 50, thereby allowing for unlocking of the         removable cap 50 from the cassette unit housing 20 and for         removal and replacement thereof; and     -   (iii) as shown at FIGS. 8b, 9c, 10c and 11c , after replacement         of the removable cap 50, a third ‘cassette used’ position,         locating intermediate the first and second positions, in which         the blocking elements 34 again block movement of the locking         legs 24 of the cassette unit housing 20 relative to the socket         through holes 52 of the removable cap, thereby restoring the         locked relationship between the removable cap 50 and the         cassette unit housing 20.

Movement of the shuttle lock control 32 is typically achieved by application of forward pushing force to the top of the protruding arms 31 of inner housing sleeve 30 to push the inner housing sleeve 30 and the shuttle lock control 32 forward. This is typically achieved by insertion of a pushing member (e.g. a pin) into each of the cut-away apertures 51 of the cassette unit end-cap 40 to push forward the protruding arms 31 of the inner housing sleeve 30. The shuttle lock 32 is biased by the action of shuttle lock spring 35.

The shuttle lock control 32 is further provided with a pair of diametrically oppositely located axial position locators 36, each of which is arranged to define three distinct axial positions of the shuttle lock control 32 relative to cassette unit housing 20 and corresponding to said first, second and third positions. Each axial position locator 36 comprises an axial protrusion having a follower 37 arranged thereon for receipt within a corresponding axial track 26 of the inner cassette unit housing 20 such as to define an axial track-follower relationship between the shuttle lock control 32/inner housing sleeve and the cassette unit housing 20. The previously defined first and second positions correspond to the opposite extremes of this axial track-follower relationship.

In use, the cassette unit 1 is initially in the first ‘cassette unused’ position, in which the angled tip 25 of each flexibly resilient locking leg 24 of the cassette unit housing 20 protrudes slightly into a socket through-hole first engagement feature 52 of the removable cap 50. It will be appreciated that this engaging interaction of the angled tip 25 of locking leg 24 with socket through-hole feature 52 effectively prevents movement (including rotation) of the cap 50 relative to the cassette unit housing 20. In this first position, the blocking elements 34 block movement of the locking legs 24 of the cassette unit housing 20 relative to the socket through holes 52 of the removable cap, thereby keeping the removable cap 50 in locked relationship to the cassette unit housing 20.

In the second ‘cassette unlocked’ position, this engaging interaction can be released by pushing each locking leg 24 inwards, thereby clearing the angled tip 25 from engaging relationship with each relevant socket through-hole 52. Such inward pushing action on the locking leg 24 can be achieved (in the cap unlocked position of FIGS. 9b, 10b and 11b ) by pulling the cap 50 forwards and away from the cassette unit housing 20, which results in the angled tip 25 interacting with the wall edges of the through-hole 52 to push the locking leg 24 inwards.

After cap removal and during injected use, the action of shuttle lock spring 35 results in adoption of the third position until such time as the removable cap 50 is replaced when the second position is again adopted during cap 50 replacement. After cap replacement, the third position is again adopted. The shuttle lock control 32 is arranged to be brought into registration with the indicator opening of the cassette unit housing 20 at the third ‘cassette used’ position (see FIG. 8b ) as a visual indicator that the cassette has been used.

The cassette unit 1 further comprises flexible locking arms 99 for locking receipt within locking apertures 96 of a cassette unit holder 75 of a drive unit, as will be described hereinafter.

As is shown in more detail at FIG. 23, cap insert 90 is arranged for receipt of connector in the form of needle cover gripper 56, which defines a cage-like (or ‘flower’) structure and defining plural gripping elements 58 arranged about a central hub 59. Such gripping elements 58 are arranged for gripping of the rigid needle shield 19 on removal of the removable cap 50 such that removal of the cap 50 also results in removal of the rigid needle shield 19 and needle sheath 17 enclosed thereby, and hence, unsheathing of the needle tip 15.

Cap insert 90 locates within the removable cap 50 and the removable cap is shaped to allow for limited axial travel of the cap insert there 90 within. Removable cap 50 defines first axial track guide features in the form of first track rails 97 provided to the inner surface of the removable cap 50 arranged for guided tracking receipt of protruding legs 91 of the cap insert 90. Removable cap 50 is also provided with second axial track guide features in the form of second track rails 98 provided to the inner surface of the removable cap 50 arranged for guided tracking receipt of track followers 92 of the cap insert 90. When the cap insert 90 is fully received within the removable cap 50, head 91 a of each protruding leg 91 is received within axial guide channel 53, which thereby acts to limit the possible axial travel of the cap insert 90 there within, and hence also relative to the removable cap 50 (see also FIG. 1). The first and second rack trails 97, 98 also act to assist with accurate registration of the cap 50 with the cassette unit housing 20, thereby assisting with secure fitting and reducing play.

Within the cassette unit 1, allowing limited axial travel of the cap insert 90 within the axial guide channel 53 of the removable cap 50 can enable accommodation of the effects of shock (e.g. impact shock) when the cassette unit 1 is dropped (e.g. onto a hard surface) or mishandled in such a way as to introduce shock thereat/thereto. Thus, in response to shock impact, limited rearwards movement of the syringe 10 with rigid needle shield 19 and needle sheath 17, connector 56 and cap insert 90 is allowed subject to the limits on axial travel determined by the interaction of head 91 a of each protruding leg 91 of the cap insert 90 within the axial guide channel 53.

In embodiments, such feature of allowing ‘limited rearwards movement’ in response to shock impact can be arranged to act in tandem with the hereinafter described biasing and damping element 45, which defines a damping relationship between the cassette unit end-cap 60 and the flange 16 of the syringe 10, and which thereby acts to damp movement (e.g. resulting from shock impact) of the syringe 10 relative to the cassette unit end-cap 60. The rearwards movement of the syringe 10 with rigid needle shield 19 and needle sheath 17, connector 56 and cap insert 90 resulting from shock impact is thus, both damped and limited in terms of axial travel, but is otherwise within these constraints allowed for, which minimizes the effects of that shock impact on the syringe 10 and other potentially vulnerable parts of the cassette unit 1. In particular, the ‘limited rearwards movement’ allows the cap insert 90, connector 56, rigid needle shield 19 and needle sheath 17 to move with the syringe 10 in impact. If these parts were held rigid, there might be a potential risk that the syringe 10 will pull out of the rigid needle shield 19/needle sheath 17 as it moves with damper compression. This in turn risks losing sterility.

As will be described hereinafter in more detail, cap insert 90 is also provided with shaping at the upper part of its inner wall for defining a second axial channel 94 arranged for receipt of at least part of the connector 56; and with shaping at the lower part of its inner wall for defining a first axial channel 93 co-axial with the second axial channel 94, but of smaller diameter relative thereto, which first axial channel 93 is also arranged for receipt of at least part of the connector 56.

FIGS. 37a to 37f show various views of the connector 56. As shown in FIG. 37a , the connector 56 includes the first plurality of legs 58 a-58 d spaced symmetrically away from one another about central hub 59. The connector 56 is made, in certain embodiments, from a thin sheet of stainless steel, formed by a tool that bends the first legs into angles with respect to the horizontal. Such configuration and the elastic nature of these legs 58 a-58 d aid in securing the needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19 to the cap insert 90 and hence to the removable cap 50. The needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19 are also secured together through upper, internally facing barbs 57 a-57 c protruding from the first legs 58 a-58 d. The upper, internally facing barbs 57 a-57 c include tips 39 a-39 b that point toward the forward end of the connector 56 (i.e. the needle tip 15 end). As illustrated in FIGS. 37c and 37d , these barbs are spaced about the perimeter of the connector 56 near its rear end, with each of the first legs (e.g. 58 a) having two internally facing barbs (e.g. 57 a and 57 b), and each barb containing a pair of barb tips (e.g. 39 a and 39 b). In some embodiments, the upper, internally facing barbs 57 a-57 c are concaved as shown in FIGS. 37a to 37d . These barbs are shaped to engage the needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19 when the needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19 is fitted within the connector 56. More specifically, the barb tips (e.g. 39 a and 39 b) apply opposing force with respect to one another when they engage the needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19 as the barb tips 39 a, 39 b are disposed at two ends of a concaved surface (e.g. upper, internally facing barbs 57 a-57 c). In some embodiments, the upper, internally facing barbs 57 a-57 c are disposed at an angle with respect to the body of the first legs 58 a-58 d. This is more particularly shown in FIG. 37d . Such configuration may enhance the engagement between the needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19 and the connector 56 as added protrusion (i.e., angled disposition of the barbs 57 a-57 c with respect to the first legs 58 a-58 d) allows the barb tips 39 a-39 b to more securely dig into the needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19 when a user pulls the removable cap 50 forwardly. As depicted in FIG. 37d , the longitudinal axis Y of the upper portion 27 of the first legs 58 a-58 d is disposed at angle [alpha] with respect to the central axis Y′ of the upper, internally facing barb 57 c. The central axis Y′ may be disposed between about 3 degrees to about 30 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis Y of the first legs 58 a-58 d.

The connector 56 also contains a second plurality of legs 55 a, 55 b spaced symmetrically away from one another in the forward end of the connector 56. As shown in FIG. 37e , each of the second plurality of legs 55 a, 55 b contains lower, externally facing barb tips 28 a-28 d that point toward the rear end of the connector 56, which are arranged in use, for interaction with the cap insert 90, as will be described hereinafter.

FIG. 38 shows the needle cover 17 and rigid needle shield 19 of the syringe 10 being mated to the connector 56. As shown, the connector 56 engages the needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19, connecting substantially permanently to the needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19 such that after engaged, if the cap insert 90/removable cap 50 is pulled forwardly by the patient, the entire cap insert 90/removable cap 50 and the needle cover 17 and rigid needle shield 19 covering the needle are removed as a unit, exposing the needle 14. In embodiments the rigid needle shield 19 is asymmetrical in shape. In embodiments, at least one pair of legs 58 a-58 d makes contact with the needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19 such that when the removable cap 50 is pulled, the entire removable cap 50, cap insert 90 and the needle cover 17 and rigid needle shield 19 are removed as a unit. In embodiments, only one but not both pairs of legs 58 a-58 d connect with the needle cover 17 and/or rigid needle shield 19.

FIGS. 24a to 24b and 25a to 25b show sequential steps in the assembly of the syringe 10 with needle cover 17 with rigid needle shield 19 to the cap insert 90 and removable cap 50 via the connector 56. For the purposes of clearer illustration, FIGS. 24a to 24b only show cap insert 90, connector 56, needle cover 17 with rigid needle shield 19 and syringe parts, whereas FIGS. 25a to 25b also show the removable cap 50.

As shown at FIGS. 24a and 25a , in an initial assembly step the forward part of the connector 56 is inserted into the second axial channel 94 of the cap insert 90. This causes inward compression of the legs 58 a-58 b (only two legs visible in FIGS. 24a to 25b ) and the externally facing barbs 55 a, 55 b (not clearly visible) of the connector 56. In a second assembly step, as shown at FIGS. 24b and 25b , the forward part of the connector 56 is inserted into the first axial channel 93 of the cap insert 90. Since the first axial channel 93 is of wider diameter than the second axial channel 94, the externally facing barbs 55 a, 55 b splay outwards on being received within the broader first axial channel 93. The connector 56 is thus, movable within broader first axial channel 93 since the externally facing barbs 55 a, 55 b do not frictionally contact the walls of the broader first axial channel 93. It will be appreciated that the upper extent of the first axial channel 93 defined by its ledge boundary with the second axial channel 94 defines the rearward limit of axial travel of the connector 56 within the cap insert 90. As will be described later, particularly by reference to FIG. 28c , the forward inner end wall 49 of the removable cap 50 defines the forward limit of axial travel of the connector 56 within the cap insert 90.

Further details of the relationship between connector 56 and cap insert 90 may be seen by reference to FIGS. 26a to 26c ; 27 a to 27 c and 28 a to 28 c. For the purposes of clearer illustration, FIGS. 26a to 26c only show cap 50, cap insert 90, connector 56, needle cover 17 with rigid needle shield 19 and syringe parts, whereas FIGS. 27a to 27c and 28a to 28c also show other parts of the cassette unit 1.

FIGS. 26a, 27a and 28a show the positioning of the connector 56 relative to the cap insert 90 during ‘uncapping’ of the syringe 10 by removal of the cap 50 together with cap insert 90 and needle cover 17 with rigid needle shield 19 from the syringe 10. As the syringe 10, needle cover 17 with rigid needle shield 19 are pulled rearwards relative to the cap insert 90 and cap 50, externally facing barbs 55 a, 55 b (not visible on FIG. 28a ) abut the ledge boundary 93 a, 93 b which defines the upper limit of axial travel of the connector 56 within the first axial channel 93 and hence within the cap insert 90. Rearward pulling force on the syringe 10 needle cover 17 with rigid needle shield 19 also results in the cap insert 90 being pulled rearwards as head 91 a of each protruding leg 91 of the cap insert 50 moves within axial guide channel 53, the upper extent of which acts to limit the possible axial travel of the cap insert 90 rearwards relative to the removable cap 50. Further upward pulling force on the syringe 10 will therefore result in decoupling of the syringe needle 14 from the needle cover 17. Once, the needle 14 of the syringe 10 has been de-coupled from the needle cover 17, the needle cover 17, rigid needle shield 19 and connector 56 are free to move forwards into the cap insert 90 by travel of barbs 55 a, 55 b within the first axial channel 93; and head 91 a of each protruding leg 91 of the cap insert 50 is free to move within axial guide channel 53 towards the removable cap 50 and both will normally tend to do so when the ‘uncapping’ operation is carried out in the upright orientation as shown at FIGS. 26a, 27a and 28 a.

FIGS. 26b, 27b and 28b show the positioning of the connector 56 relative to the cap insert 90 during a first stage of ‘replacement’ of the syringe 10 of the cassette unit 1 into the needle cover 17 with rigid needle shield 19 as held by cap insert 90 and cap 50. It will be appreciated that such replacement normally happens after a use operation wherein the syringe plunger 18 and plunger slaving part 60 are in the advanced ‘post-use’ position. However, replacement is also possible when the syringe plunger 18 and plunger slaving part 60 are in the retracted ‘pre-use’ position as shown, for the purposes of illustration at FIGS. 26b-c, 27b-c and 28b-c . As the syringe 10 is pushed forwards into the needle cover 17 with rigid needle shield 19 the cap insert 90 also experiences forwards force and so moves forward relative to the 50 as externally facing barbs 55 a, 55 b (not visible on FIG. 28b ) travel forwards within the first axial channel 93 and hence within the cap insert 90. Forward pushing force on the syringe 10 needle cover 17 with rigid needle shield 19 also results in the cap insert 90 being pushed forwards as head 91 a of each protruding leg 91 of the cap insert 50 moves within axial guide channel 53 to the lower extent thereof, which acts to limit the possible axial travel of the cap insert 90 forwards relative to the removable cap 50.

FIGS. 26c, 27c and 28c show the positioning of the connector 56 relative to the cap insert 90 during a second stage of ‘replacement’ of the syringe 10 of the cassette unit 1 into the needle cover 17 with rigid needle shield 19 as held by cap insert 90 and cap 50. As the syringe 10 is pushed further forwards into the needle cover 17 with rigid needle shield 19 the needle tip 15 can potentially catch or snag on the needle cover 17, which is generally comprised of a rubber or plastic polymer, with the risk of the needle 14 bending or, in a worst case scenario, snapping off. This risk is reduced by the fact that the connector 56 can travel still further forwards into ‘give space’ defined by the forward most inner end walls 49 of the removable cap 50. Hence, in the event of any snagging of needle cover 17 by the needle tip 15 during re-sheathing, the connector 56 and/or needle cover 17, needle shield 19 is free to move into the ‘give’ space, thereby ensuring that the snagging event does not result in any bending, or in a worst case scenario snapping, of the needle 14. The occurrence of any needle stick hazards during re-capping and re-sheathing is thus, minimized.

FIG. 29 shows a drive unit 70 for use with the cassette unit 1 described herein. The drive unit 70 comprises a drive unit housing 71 for housing a drive arrangement 80, which drive unit housing 71 is sized and shaped at its forward end for receipt of a cassette unit 1. FIG. 30 shows the drive unit 70 having received a representative cassette unit 1 at the docking position, wherein ring pull 54 of the removable cap 50 protrudes from the drive unit housing 71. The drive unit housing 71 is provided with a user-interface in the form of a screen 72, which may in embodiments be a touch-sensitive screen 72.

FIGS. 31 and 32 shows the inner workings of the drive unit 70 of FIGS. 29 and 30, which has been configured in particular for use with the first cassette unit 1 herein. User-interface 72 may be seen to communicate with circuit board 74, which comprises electronic system circuitry that provides electronic control for the drive arrangement 80 and data processing capability. Further details of a representative electronic control system herein are later described by reference to FIG. 33. The circuit board 74 may also include inputs from various sensors and other electronic components including radiofrequency ID tag reader 73, which locates on cassette unit holder 75 and which is arranged for radiofrequency interrogation of an RFID tag on the cassette unit 1. In other embodiments, the radiofrequency ID tag reader 73 locates at the drive unit at a position closer to where the cassette unit 1 is arranged for receipt.

The cassette unit 1 is received and held within the drive unit housing 71 by cassette unit holder 75, which is received within inner holder frame 77, which in turn seats at forward frame end 76, which defines a cassette-unit receiving aperture/needle delivery aperture 76 a therein. Cassette unit holder 75 mounts within frame 77 and is axially (e.g. slidably) movable therein under the selective drive action of first motor 82. The first motor 82 (e.g. stepper motor) selectively transfers drive via first gear 82 a to a first drive transfer element in the form of worm 82 b. That worm 82 b interacts with a rack locating on the back of cassette unit holder 75 to axially move the cassette unit holder 75 and cassette unit 1 and syringe 10 held thereby within the frame 77 from a rest position, in which the needle 14 with tip 15 of the syringe 10 is within the drive unit housing 71 to a use position, in which the needle 14 with tip 15 protrudes from the needle delivery aperture 76 a of the drive unit housing.

Second motor 85 (e.g. stepper motor) selectively communicates via second gears 83 a, 83 b to a second drive transfer element in the form of a threaded screw 83 c having cover 79 for subsequently transferring axial drive to the plunger 18 of the syringe 10 for moving the plunger 18 within the barrel 12 of the syringe 10 to eject at least part of the volume of liquid drug formulation contained therein.

In embodiments, the drive unit 70 is arranged for sequential receipt of a cassette unit 1 herein. Thus, in embodiments, the drive unit 70 is arranged for initial receipt of the cassette 1 at an intermediate pre-docking position and for subsequent transport of the cassette unit 1 to the docking position.

In embodiments, the drive unit 70 is arranged such that transport of the cassette unit 1 to the docking position is permitted only following positive verification of the identifier 21. Thus, only appropriately identified cassette units 1 are finally receivable into the device to enable injected drug delivery there from.

In embodiments, the drive unit 70 is arranged such that transport of the cassette unit 1 from an intermediate position to a docking position is permitted only following positive verification of the identifier 21. Thus, only appropriately verified cassette units are finally receivable into the device for drug delivery there from. In embodiments, that transport of the cassette unit 1 to the docking position is by automatic control under the action of the electrically powered source of drive 82. Thus, in embodiments positive verification of the cassette unit 1 gives rise to a ‘transport to docking position’ signal from the electronic control unit 74; 1001 to the source of drive, which results in the required transporting action.

FIG. 33 shows aspects of a typical electronic control system 1001 herein. Main microprocessor control unit (MCU) 1010 communicates with the following:

-   -   Non volatile memory 1020;     -   Power regulating functions comprising serial bus connector 1030,         which is used for power recharge and data communications; power         connector 1032; battery charge controller 1034; rechargeable         battery 1036; voltage regulator 1038 and power distribution         1039;     -   Motor drive circuits for use in controlling the-motor insertion         motor 82, 1044 and injection motor 85, 1046;     -   RFID reader 1050 with RFID antenna 1052 for use in reading an         RFID tag 21 on the cassette unit 1;     -   GUI microprocessor control unit (MCU) 1060 for user-interface         functions comprising colour display 1070; and audio amplifier         1072 with speaker 1074;     -   Power microprocessor control unit (MCU) 1075 and power button         1076; go/pause button 1078; and scroll wheel 1079;     -   Sensing functions namely, cassette detect switch 1080 for         detecting the presence of the cassette within the drive unit;         Cap detect switch 1082 for detecting the presence of the         removable cap 50 on the cassette unit 1; and capacitive touch         sense controller 1084 with electrodes 1085 a, 1085 b (many such         electrodes may be present) for detecting the presence of a         user's skin;     -   Timer function 1090 (a sub-function of the MCU 1010)

In embodiments, the timer function 1090 of the MCU 1010 is initiated by the removal of the removable cap 50 and needle cover 17, 19 from the cassette unit 1. In embodiments, cap detect switch 1080 detects removal of the removable cap 50 (e.g. together with needle cover 17 and rigid needle shield 19) from the cassette unit 1. The timer 1090 then starts counting. In embodiments, once the timer 1090 reaches a certain, pre-determined count a command to cancel the injection (e.g. by preventing the action of the drive/motor function of the drive unit 70) is generated. Drive action of the drive unit 70 is thus, prevented. In embodiments, the timer 1090 therefore acts to ensure that drug is delivered to the patient within a set time limit following removal of the removable cap 50 (e.g. together with needle cover 17 and rigid needle shield 19) from the cassette unit 1. Examples, of timers that may be used include time or actuation-based counters installed on an integrated circuit chip, such as an ‘elapsed time counter’ such as the DS1602 IC manufactured by Dallas Semiconductor.

During use, within the drive unit 70, the cassette unit 1 is selectively locked into the cassette unit holder 75 by the interaction of engaging tips 95 of locking arms 99 with the locking apertures of the cassette unit holder 75. Selective locking/unlocking is under the control of sprung-loaded cassette unit-unlock cams 88 a, 88 b, the function of which will now be described in relation to FIGS. 34a to 34c , which for clarity, do not show the cassette unit 1, but only the relevant drive unit 70 parts.

FIG. 34a shows the cassette unit holder 75 in the docking position, in which the cams 88 a, 88 b are spring-biased to the cassette unit 1 ‘locked’ position wherein the rounded heads 89 a, 89 b of each cam 88 a, 88 b are upright. This position corresponds to that shown at FIGS. 35d and 36 d.

FIG. 34b shows the cassette unit holder 75 moved forwards, but not yet engaging the cams 88 a, 88 b. The rounded heads 89 a, 89 b of each cam 88 a, 88 b remain upright. The position corresponds to that, in which the cassette unit 1 is inserted into the drive unit 70 for verification, as further shown at FIGS. 35c and 36 c.

FIG. 34c shows the cassette unit holder 75 moved further forwards such as engage the cams 88 a, 88 b and to rotationally drive the rounded heads 89 a, 89 b of each cam 88 a, 88 b into a ‘head bowed’ position. When in this ‘head bowed’ position, the cams 88 a, 88 b may interact with the engaging tips 95 of locking arms 99 of the cassette unit housing 20 out of locking engagement with the locking aperture and thus, to allow the cassette unit 1 to be released from the cassette unit holder 75. The position, which is the forward-most position of the cassette unit holder in use, corresponds to that, in which the cassette unit 1 may be ejected from the drive unit 70 after injected use, as further shown at FIGS. 35i and 36 i.

Further aspects of the first auto-injector device herein may now be appreciated by reference to FIGS. 35a to 35i and FIGS. 36a to 36i and to the following description of a typical use operation: These show and describe sequential use steps of a first drive unit 70 essentially in accord with that already described by reference to FIGS. 29 to 32 as particularly used in conjunction with a first cassette unit 1 essentially in accord with that already described by reference to FIGS. 1 to 4. The first drive unit 70 includes an electronic control system (not shown) essentially of the type described by reference to FIG. 33. For clarity, FIGS. 35a to 35i and 36a to 36i identify by labelling only those aspects most relevant to the use operation being described.

Initially, the auto-injector device is in the ‘powered down’ state as shown at FIGS. 35a and 36a , to which it returns after completion of a full use sequence, as described hereinbelow. The position of FIGS. 35a and 36a , which is the forward-most position of the cassette unit holder 75 in use, thus corresponds to that, in which the cassette unit 1 may be ejected from the drive unit 70 after injected use. Thus, the cassette unit holder 75 has engaged with the sprung cams 88 a, 88 b to rotationally drive the rounded heads 89 a, 89 b of each sprung cam 88 a, 88 b into a ‘head bowed’ position. As previously described, when in this ‘head bowed’ position, the cams 88 a, 88 b may interact with the engaging tips 95 of locking arms 99 of the cassette unit housing 20 out of locking engagement with the locking aperture and thus, to allow the cassette unit 1 (not shown) to be released from the cassette unit holder 75.

In a first stage of a typical use operation and to prepare for use of the device, the user hits the power on button 1076 and thereby turns the electronic control system 1001 on. A ‘welcome message’ is displayed on the screen 72; 1070 (see FIGS. 29 to 32), which instructs the user to insert the cassette unit 1.

After power on, the auto-injector device adopts the configuration as shown at FIGS. 35b and 36b , in which the drive unit 70 is initially in the ‘cassette receipt’ position. The cassette unit holder 75 has been withdrawn backwards slightly to the ‘cassette receipt’ position within frame 77. In this position, the cassette unit holder 75 no longer engages with the sprung cams 88 a, 88 b and the rounded heads 89 a, 89 b thereof are now biased back to a ‘head upright’ position. First drive transfer element in the form of worm drive 82 b for movement of the cassette unit holder 75 sets it in the ‘cassette receipt’ position interacting (as visible in FIG. 36b only) with rack 75 a provided along one side of the cassette holder. Second drive transfer element in the form of threaded screw 83 c located within cover 79, the threaded screw 83 c serving as a plunger rod 81 (for plunging movement of the plunger 18 of the syringe 10) is in its ‘at rest’ position. The cassette unit 1 contains a syringe including a syringe plunger 18 that interfaces with the plunger rod 81 upon activation for delivering medication. Forward end of the plunger rod 81 is provided with tapering, round headed end-piece 84.

In a second stage of a typical use operation, as shown at FIGS. 35c and 36c , the user inserts cassette unit 1 comprising syringe 10 and having removable cap 50 to the intermediate pre-docking position within the cassette unit holder 75 of the drive unit 70. Needle cover gripper 56 in the form of a cage-like (or ‘flower’) structure is provided to the removable cap 50 and its cap insert 90, which needle cover gripper 56 grips the rigid needle sheath shield 19 and is configured such that removal of the cap 50 together with cap insert 90 also results in removal of the rigid needle sheath shield 19 and needle sheath 17 enclosed thereby, and hence, unsheathing of the needle tip 15. In this position, forward end of the plunger rod 81 with its tapering, round headed end-piece 84 is received within the drive rod-receiving opening 41 of the cassette unit end-cap 40. End-cap biasing and damping element 45 defines a sprung biasing relationship between the cassette unit end-cap 40 and the flange 16 of the syringe 10, thereby urging the syringe 10 forwards in relation to the cassette unit end-cap 40. Plunger slaving part 60 is in releasable engagement with the cassette unit end-cap 40. As will be described hereinafter, in use, the plunger slaving part 60 is released from the cassette unit end-cap 40 in response to forward axial drive provided by the round-headed end-piece 84 of plunger rod 81 to a rear drive-receiving face thereof.

The general function of the tapering, round-headed end-piece 84 of the plunger rod 81 is to give rise to a point load instead of a face load. The slaving part 60 is made of a hard material, thus acting to reduce friction and torsion loads on the system. The slaving part 60 is arranged to function such that when a load is applied to its top face the load it is evenly transmitted directly into the syringe plunger 18. In embodiments, the slaving part 60 is coloured and performs a second function of providing an easy-to-identify visual indicator of the position of the plunger 18 within the syringe 10 so that the patient can visually confirm the drug had been fully injected.

As shown at FIG. 35c , in the intermediate pre-docking position the cassette unit 1 is locked into the cassette unit holder 75. Thus, flexible locking arms 99 of the cassette unit housing 20 locate within locking apertures 96 of cassette unit holder 75.

As shown at FIG. 36c , in the intermediate pre-docking position, shuttle lock control 32 is in the first ‘cassette unused’ position and thus, the removable cap 50 is in the cap locked position (also see FIGS. 8a, 9a, 10a and 11a ). The inner face of the locking arm 24 of the cassette unit housing 20 is blocked, thereby preventing any inwards movement thereof and so effectively also thereby, preventing any disengagement of the angled tip 25 of that locking arm 24 from socket through-hole 52 of the removable cap 50.

As also shown at FIG. 36c , in the intermediate pre-docking position, pushing member in the form of pin 78 is spaced from the cassette 1, but locates immediately above protruding arms 31 of the inner housing sleeve 30, which are thus accessible to it via cut-away apertures 51 of the cassette unit end-cap 40. More typically, a spaced pair of pins 78 would be provided. It will be appreciated that relative movement of the cassette 1 towards the pin 78 (e.g. to the position of third stage of a typical use operation of FIG. 36d , as described below) will result in receipt of pin 78 into cut-away aperture 51 of the cassette unit end-cap 40 such as to bring pin 78 into pushing contact with protruding arm 31 of the inner housing sleeve 30 to thereby push the inner housing sleeve 30 and the shuttle lock control 32 forward.

Verification of the cassette unit 1 occurs at this intermediate pre-docking position. Thus, RFID reader 73; 1050 (see FIGS. 31 to 33) of the drive unit interrogates RFID tag 21 (see FIG. 3) of the cassette unit 1 and thereby, reads verification information from the RFID tag 21 of the cassette unit 1. Such verification can for example, be for the purpose of checking of drug and dosage information, checking that the drug is not past its expiry date and/or checking that the cassette unit 1 has not been used previously.

Upon positive verification of the cassette unit 1, the cassette unit holder 75 and cassette unit 1 held therein are drawn further up (i.e. transported) into the drive unit 70 to the docking position of third stage of a typical use operation of FIGS. 35d and 36d . Such drawing up is achieved by the drive action of worm drive 82 b on rack 75 a of the cassette unit holder. The worm drive 82 b receives axial drive from first motor 82; 1042 via gear 82 a in response to a command from motor drive circuits 1042 acting under the control of motor control MCU 1040, which in turn communicates with main MCU 1010.

It will be noted that in the docking position, the threaded screw 83 c has been drawn deeper into its cover 79. It will also be noted that end-ring 54 of removable cap 50 still protrudes out-with the exit aperture 76 a of drive 70, but otherwise the cassette unit 1 is fully within the drive unit 70.

As shown at FIG. 36d , in the docking position, the shuttle lock control 32 is in the second ‘cassette unlocked’ position (having been pushed relatively forward by the interaction of protruding arms 31 with pushing pin 78) and thus, the removable cap 50 is in the cap unlocked position (also see FIGS. 9b, 10b and 11b ). The inner face of the locking arm 24 of the cassette unit housing 20 is no longer blocked. As a result, inwards movement of the locking arm 24 is no longer prevented and disengagement of the tip 25 of the locking arm 25 from socket through-hole 52 of the removable cap 50 is achievable by suitable inwards pushing action on the tip 25/locking arm 24. Such inward pushing action on the locking arm 24 is achievable by pulling the cap 50 away from the cassette unit 1, which results in the angled tip 25 interacting with the wall edges of the socket through-hole 52 to push the locking arm 24 inwards.

The screen 72; 1070 now displays an instruction to the user to remove the cap 50 of the cassette unit 1. The drive unit 70 is provided with a timer function 1090, which is initiated by the removal of the removable cap 50 from the cassette unit 1. Cap removal sensing means 1082 are provided to detect removal of the removable cap 50 from the cassette unit 1. The timer 1090 then starts counting. In embodiments, once the timer 1090 reaches a certain, pre-determined count a command to prevent the drive function 80 of the drive unit 70 is generated. Drive action of the drive unit 70 is thus, prevented. The timer therefore acts as a safety measure to ensure that drug is delivered to the patient within a set time limit following removal of the removable cap 50 from the cassette unit 1.

In a fourth stage of a typical use operation, as shown at FIGS. 35e and 36e , the user has removed the cap 50 together with cap insert 90, needle sheath 17 and rigid needle shield 19. The needle 14 with tip 15 of the syringe 10 is now uncovered, but still shrouded by the drive unit 70 and does not protrude from the exit aperture 76 a thereof. The screen 72; 1070 now displays an instruction to the user to place the device (i.e. the exit aperture 76 a thereof) against the injection site. Once the exit aperture 76 a has been placed against the injection site electrodes 1085 a, 1085 b of capacitive touch sense controller (e.g. skin sensor) register the correct placing of the device at the injection site. The screen 72; 1070 now displays an instruction to the user to initiate the injection by pressing the ‘inject’ button. In other embodiments, such initiation of the injection may be configured to occur automatically on sensing of the correct placing of the device at the injection site.

In a fifth stage of a typical use operation, as shown at FIGS. 35f and 36f , the syringe 10 has now been advanced to the injection position, in which the tip 15 of the needle 14 protrudes out-with the exit aperture 76 a. Such advancement of the syringe 10 has been achieved by forward movement of the cassette unit holder 75, which is responsive to the forward driving action of worm drive 82 b on rack 75 a of the cassette unit holder 75. The worm drive 82 b receives axial drive from first motor 82; 1042 via gear 82 a in response to a command from motor drive circuits 1042 acting under the control of motor control MCU 1040, which in turn communicates with main MCU 1010. It will also be noted that in the injection position, the threaded screw 83 c has been drawn forwards within its cover 79.

Once the syringe 10 is at the injection position of FIGS. 35f and 36f , ejection of drug from the syringe barrel 12 can commence. Such ejection in response to forward advancement of threaded screw 83 c responsive to geared driving by gears 83 a, 83 b, which receive axial drive from second motor 85; 1046 in response to a command from motor drive circuits 1042 acting under the control of motor control MCU 1040, which in turn communicates with main MCU 1010. Threaded screw 83 c via end-piece 84 is brought into forward driving contact with rear drive-receiving end of slaving part 60. The resulting forward advancement thereof results in release of the plunger slaving part 60 from the end-cap 40 and then in forward sliding movement of that slaving part 60 within the syringe barrel 12, which in turn results in plunging movement of the plunger 18 within the barrel 12 of the syringe 10 to expel the drug formulation contents through the tip 15 of the needle 14 and into the injection site (e.g. skin of the user). The slaving part 60 functions such that when a driving load is applied to its square cut end 66 by round headed end-piece 84 of threaded screw 83 c the load is evenly transmitted directly into the syringe plunger 18.

To reduce the risk of the syringe 10 fracturing under the loads associated with injecting the drug, it is important for a majority of the load path to travel through the forward shoulder 11 of the syringe barrel 12 and lesser load to pass through the flange 16 at the rear end thereof. It may therefore be seen at FIG. 36f that forward shoulder 11 of the syringe 10 is surrounded by shoulder support feature 5 (see also FIGS. 5a to 5c ). Information related to the progress of the injection may be displayed on the screen 72; 1070 including for example, a signal that ‘injection has been completed successfully’.

In a sixth stage of a typical use operation, as shown at FIGS. 35g and 36g , post-completion of the injection, the needle 14 with tip 15 of the syringe 10 has been withdrawn back into the drive unit 70. Such withdrawal of the syringe 10 is achieved by rearwards movement of the cassette unit holder 75, which is responsive to the rearward driving action of worm drive 82 b on rack 75 a of the cassette unit holder 75. The worm drive 82 b receives axial drive from first motor 82; 1042 via gear 82 a in response to a command from motor drive circuits 1042 acting under the control of motor control MCU 1040, which in turn communicates with main MCU 1010.

It will be noted in the post-injection position of FIGS. 35g and 36g that threaded screw 83 c with end-piece 84 has been advanced forward sufficiently to drive both slaving part 60 and the plunger 18 within the barrel 12 of the syringe 10 fully forwards. Thus, the leading end of the plunger 18 locates adjacent to the neck 11 of the syringe 10. The slaving part 60 is coloured and performs a secondary function of providing an easy-to-identify visual indicator of the position of the plunger 18 within the syringe 10 so that the patient can visually confirm the drug had been fully injected. The screen 72; 1070 now displays a message instructing the user to replace the cap 50.

In a seventh stage of a typical use operation, as shown at FIGS. 35h and 36h , threaded screw 83 c with end-piece 84 has been withdrawn into its cover 79 to the ‘at rest’ position. At this stage, the cassette unit 1 is still in locked engagement with the cassette unit holder 75 and removal of the cassette unit 1 is therefore not possible.

In an eighth stage of a typical use operation, as shown at FIGS. 35i and 36i , the cassette unit holder 75 and cassette unit 1 carried thereby have been returned to a position slightly forward of the ‘cassette receipt’ position of FIGS. 35b and 36b . Such return is achieved by the drive action of worm drive 82 b on rack 75 a of the cassette unit holder. The worm drive 82 b receives axial drive from first motor 82; 1042 via gear 82 a in response to a return command from motor drive circuits 1042 acting under the control of motor control MCU 1040, which in turn communicates with main MCU 1010. Threaded screw 83 c with end-piece 84 locates in the ‘at rest’ position.

Also as shown at FIGS. 35i and 36i , the cap 50 with needle sheath 17 and rigid needle shield 19 has now been replaced on the cassette unit 1 following completion of the injection procedure. As previously described in relation to FIGS. 26b, 26c ; 27 b, 27 c; and 28 b, 28 c, during recapping, the cap insert 90 may move within first axial guide channel 93 within defined limits. The forward most inner end walls 49 of the removable cap 50 define the forward limit of axial travel of the connector 56 within the cap insert 90. Thus, the connector 56 can move forwards into ‘give space’ defined by the forward most inner end walls 49 of the removable cap 50. Hence, in the event of any snagging of needle cover 17 by the needle tip 15 during re-sheathing, the connector 56 and/or needle cover 17, needle shield 19 is free to move into the ‘give’ space, thereby ensuring that the snagging event does not result in any bending, or in a worst case scenario snapping, of the needle 14.

Further, the provision of such ‘give space’ addresses a problem that may otherwise potentially arise during user replacement of the cap 50 wherein the needle cover 17 undesirably compresses against the needle 14. In such circumstances, once the user lets go of the cap 50, it might tend to be pushed slightly away from the cassette unit housing 20 as the needle sheath 17 relaxes, and this potentially interferes with or prevents the socket through holes 52 of the removable cap 50 from properly locking onto the locking legs 24 of the cassette unit housing 20 relative to the socket through holes 52 of the removable cap 50, thereby preventing removable cap 50 coming into proper locking relationship with the cassette unit housing 20. The auto-injector device 70 is arranged to register locking interaction of the cap 50 with the cassette unit housing 70, and the occurrence of such a scenario might therefore also potentially give rise to a false reading of cap locking interaction with the potential consequence that an ‘uncapped’ used cassette unit 1 is released from the device 70.

As shown at FIG. 36i , the shuttle lock control 32 is in the third ‘cassette used’ position, locating intermediate the first and second shuttle lock control positions (see also FIGS. 8b, 9c, 10c and 11c ). The inner face of the locking arm 24 of the cassette unit housing 20 is again blocked, thereby preventing any inwards movement thereof and so effectively also thereby, preventing any disengagement of the angled tip 25 of that locking arm 24 from socket through-hole 52 of the removable cap 50.

As the cassette unit holder 75 is returned forwards the leading edge thereof interacts with sprung-loaded cassette unit-unlock cams 88 a, 88 b to move them from their ‘head upright’ to ‘head bowed’ positions. When in the ‘head bowed’ position the rounded head 89 a, 89 b of each cam 88 a, 88 b presses on engaging tip 95 of locking arm 99 to move that locking arm 99 out of locking engagement with the locking aperture and thus, to allow the cassette unit 1 to be released from the cassette unit holder 75.

The screen 72; 1070 now displays a message instructing the user to remove the cassette unit 301 from the drive unit 70. The user accordingly removes the cassette unit 1. The screen 72; 1070 then displays a message confirming that the cassette removal operation is complete. A battery check and/or data communication step may also be performed. The user then hits the power button to turn the drive unit off and the drive unit is stowed in the position as shown at FIGS. 35a and 36a until powered-up for a subsequent injection operation.

The auto-injector of the invention is suitable for the injected delivery of drug, particularly for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a number of diseases, disorders or conditions, including infections (viral, e.g. HIV infection, bacterial, fungal and parasitic); endotoxic shock associated with infection; inflammatory diseases/autoimmunity such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ankylosing spondilitis, COPD, asthma, Alzheimer's Disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and psoriasis; immune mediated inflammatory disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system such as multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barr syndrome; graft-versus-host disease; organ transplant rejection; pain; cancer (including solid tumours such as melanomas, hepatoblastomas, sarcomas, squamous cell carcinomas, transitional cell cancers, ovarian cancers and hematologic malignancies, acute myelogenous leukaemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, gastric cancer and colon cancer); congenital disorders, e.g. cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia; growth disorders; epilepsy; treatment of infertility; heart disease including ischaemic diseases such as myocardial infarction as well as atherosclerosis and intravascular coagulation; bone disorders such as osteopenia and osteoporosis; and metabolic/idiopathic disease, e.g. diabetes.

In embodiments, the syringe of the auto-injector herein contains a liquid drug formulation, which is designed for refrigerated rest (e.g. at from 2-8° C.) and for injected delivery at room temperature (e.g. at or about 18-30° C.). In embodiments, the viscosity of the liquid drug formulation is less than 120 mPa·s (120 centipoise), in embodiments less than 100 mPa·s (100 centipoise) at a delivery temperature of 20° C.

Appropriate drugs may thus be selected from biologically active agents, including chemical entities, polysaccharides, steroids and, especially, naturally occurring and recombinant proteins, including glycoproteins, polypeptides and oligopeptides and polymeric derivatives thereof. Particular proteins, polypeptides and oligopeptides include hormones, such as insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticotrophin, somatotropin, erythropoietin and oxytocin; cytokines, such as lymphokines, chemokines and interleukins and receptors therefor, e.g. interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-1R, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL17, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor, tumour necrosis factor-α; growth factors, such as nerve growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor; enzymes, such as tissue plasminogen activator; and, especially, immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins include whole antibodies and functionally active fragments and/or derivatives thereof, for example polyclonal, monoclonal, recombinant, multi-valent, mono- or multi-specific, humanised or chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, Fab′ and F(ab′)₂ fragments. Polymeric derivatives of such proteins, polypeptides and oligopeptides include derivatives formed between the protein, polypeptide or oligopeptide and a naturally occurring or synthetic polymer, e.g. a polysaccharide or a polyalylklene polymer such as a poly(ethyleneglycol) [PEG] or derivative thereof, e.g. methoxypoly(ethyleneglycol) [mPEG]. Particular agents include growth hormones and hormones for the treatment of infertility. Other particular agents are for the treatment of epilepsy such as brivaracetam and seletracetam.

The auto-injector device herein has been found to be of particular utility where the drug is an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, especially a PEGylated or mPEGylated antibody fragment.

The liquid drug formulations herein are typically aqueous formulations, which comprise the drug in solution and additionally other optional formulation components, which may include buffers (e.g. lactate, acetate), NaCl, and pH modifiers (e.g. NaOH).

The auto-injector device herein has been found to be of particular utility wherein the concentration of the drug (e.g. a therapeutic biologic type drug) in the liquid drug formulation is quite high. In particular, where the drug is a pegylated antibody the auto-injector device has been found to be of particular utility wherein the concentration of the drug is greater than 100 mg/ml, particularly greater than 150 mg/ml such as 200 mg/ml.

It is to be understood that the foregoing description is merely illustrative and is not to be limited to the details given herein. While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure, it should be understood that the disclosed systems, devices, and methods, and their components, may be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

Variations and modifications will occur to those of skill in the art after reviewing this disclosure. The disclosed features may be implemented, in any combination and subcombinations (including multiple dependent combinations and subcombinations), with one or more other features described herein. The various features described or illustrated above, including any components thereof, may be combined or integrated in other systems. Moreover, certain features may be omitted or not implemented. Examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and could be made without departing from the scope of the information disclosed herein. All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety and made part of this application.

The application of which this description and claims form part may be used as a basis for priority in respect of any subsequent application. The claims of such subsequent application may be directed to any feature or combination of features described herein. They may take the form of product, method or use claims and may include, by way of example and without limitation, one or more of the following claims. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A cassette unit for use with an auto-injector having an electrically powered drive unit, said cassette unit comprising a cassette unit housing defining a cassette unit housing cavity and a needle projection aperture; said cassette unit housing cavity arranged for receipt of a syringe comprising: a barrel for containing a volume of a liquid drug formulation; a hollow needle at a front end of said barrel, said hollow needle defining a needle tip for dispensing of said liquid drug formulation; and a plunger that is axially movable within the barrel; a needle cover defining a needle sheath for sheathing of said needle tip; a removable cap that in a capping position fits over and thereby, acts such as to close off, the needle projection aperture, said removable cap having an open end and defining a cap interior; provided to said removable cap, a cap insert; and provided to said cap insert, a connector defining plural needle cover gripping elements for gripping said needle cover and said connector defines a central hub and said plural needle cover gripping elements attached to said central hub and in spaced arrangement relative to each other, wherein the connector locates within the removable cap such that the central hub of the connector is in spaced relationship with a forward end wall or surface of said cap interior and the plural needle cover gripping elements project away from said forward end wall or surface of the cap interior and towards the open end of the removable cap, wherein the removable cap is shaped to allow for limited axial travel of the cap insert there within, and wherein the removable cap defines an axial guide arranged for receipt of at least part of the cap insert.
 2. The cassette unit according to claim 1, wherein the removable cap in shaped to allow for limited axial travel in a rearwards direction of the cap insert relative thereto.
 3. The cassette unit according to claim 1, wherein the axial guide is defined by one or more axial track guide features of the removable cap.
 4. The cassette unit according to claim 3, wherein the cap insert is provided with one or more follower elements for receipt within the one or more axial track guide features of the removable cap.
 5. The cassette unit according to claim 1, wherein upper and lower extents of at least a portion of the axial guide are bounded to define an axial guide channel for the cap insert, and wherein the upper and lower extents of the axial guide channel define the limit of axial travel of the cap insert within the axial guide channel.
 6. The cassette unit according to claim 1, further comprising, in capping relationship with a rearward entrance of the cassette unit housing, a cassette unit end-cap, said cassette unit end-cap defining a drive rod-receiving opening for receipt of a drive rod for providing forward axial drive to said plunger.
 7. The cassette unit according to claim 6, further comprising a biasing element defining a biasing relationship between the cassette unit end-cap and a flange of the syringe, thereby urging the syringe forwards in relation to the cassette unit end-cap.
 8. The cassette unit according to claim 7, further comprising a damping element defining a damping relationship between the cassette unit end-cap and the flange of the syringe, thereby acting to damp rearward movement of the syringe relative to the cassette unit end-cap.
 9. The cassette unit according to claim 8, wherein the biasing element and the damping element are comprised as a unitary biasing and damping element.
 10. The cassette unit according to claim 9, wherein the biasing and damping element is provided as a separate component to the cassette unit end-cap.
 11. The cassette unit according to claim 9, wherein the biasing and damping element is provided integrally with the cassette unit end-cap.
 12. The cassette unit according to claim 9, wherein the biasing and damping element is provided with one or more damping projections that project forwards towards the flange of the syringe.
 13. The cassette unit according to claim 12, wherein the biasing and damping element comprises a ring form.
 14. The cassette unit according to claim 13, wherein plural damping projections are spaced circumferentially about the ring form biasing and damping element.
 15. The cassette unit according to claim 13, wherein the cassette unit end-cap comprises a skirt that is arranged for receipt of the ring form biasing and damping element.
 16. The cassette unit according to claim 12, wherein each damping projection takes the form of a projecting tower.
 17. The cassette unit according to claim 16, wherein each projecting tower defines a forward section that is arranged to contact the flange of the syringe; and a rearward section that contacts the cassette unit end-cap, wherein the rearward section is less readily deformable in the axial direction than the forward section.
 18. The cassette unit according to claim 17, wherein the projecting tower provides a low biasing force by deforming mainly the forward section, and a high impact compression force mainly by compressing the rearward section.
 19. The cassette unit according to claim 8, wherein the reaction force of the damping element is arranged to be from 5N to 40N over a compression distance of from 1 to 2 mm.
 20. The cassette unit according to claim 8, wherein the biasing and/or damping element is comprised of a material that has a hardness of from 15 Shore A to 60 Shore A.
 21. The cassette unit according to claim 8, wherein the biasing and/or damping element is comprised of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) material.
 22. The cassette unit according to claim 6, further comprising axially movable within the barrel for forward movement into contact with said plunger, a plunger slaving part defining a circumferential wall arranged for frictional sliding relationship with the inner wall of the barrel, a rear drive-receiving face and a front plunger-contacting face.
 23. The cassette unit according to claim 22, wherein in a pre-use configuration, the plunger slaving part is shaped for releasable engagement with the cassette unit end-cap.
 24. The cassette unit according to claim 1, further comprising one or more shoulder support features for supporting a forward shoulder of the syringe.
 25. The cassette unit according to claim 24, wherein said one or more shoulder support features are located between the needle cover and the forward shoulder of the syringe.
 26. The cassette unit according to claim 25, wherein said needle cover is provided with a needle sheath cover for covering the needle sheath thereof and the one or more shoulder support features located between said needle sheath cover and the forward shoulder of the syringe.
 27. The cassette unit according to claim 26, wherein the needle sheath cover is comprised of a rigid material.
 28. The cassette unit according to claim 24, wherein the one or more shoulder support features are in snap-fit arrangement between the needle cover and the forward shoulder of the syringe.
 29. The cassette unit according to claim 24, comprising the syringe, wherein the one or more shoulder support features are defined by one or more separate shoulder support parts provided to the syringe.
 30. The cassette unit according to claim 1, wherein the cassette unit housing receives the syringe and the syringe contains a liquid drug formulation.
 31. The cassette unit according to claim 30, wherein the liquid drug formulation comprises an aqueous formulation of a therapeutic biologic type drug and comprises additional formulation component selected from the group consisting of buffers, NaCl, and pH modifiers.
 32. An auto-injector comprising: (a) a cassette unit according to claim 1; and (b) a drive unit comprising: a drive unit housing defining a docking cavity and a needle delivery aperture, wherein said docking cavity is arranged for docking receipt of the cassette unit at a docking position, whereupon said cassette unit and/or said syringe is movable from a rest position, in which the needle tip of the syringe is axially moveable within the drive unit housing to a use position, in which the needle tip protrudes from said needle delivery aperture; and a drive arrangement, said drive arrangement comprising one or more electrically powered sources of axial drive; a first drive transfer element for transferring said axial drive to the cassette unit and/or to the syringe for advancing the syringe to said use position; and a second drive transfer element for subsequently transferring the axial drive to a plunger slaving part and hence, to the plunger of the syringe for moving the plunger into the barrel of the syringe to eject at least part of said volume of liquid drug formulation.
 33. A cassette unit for use with an auto-injector having an electrically powered drive unit, said cassette unit comprising a cassette unit housing defining a cassette unit housing cavity and a needle projection aperture; said cassette unit housing cavity arranged for receipt of a syringe comprising: a barrel for containing a volume of a liquid drug formulation; a hollow needle at a front end of said barrel, said hollow needle defining a needle tip for dispensing of said liquid drug formulation; and a plunger that is axially movable within the barrel; a needle cover defining a needle sheath for sheathing of said needle tip; a removable cap that in a capping position fits over and thereby, acts such as to close off, the needle projection aperture, said removable cap having an open end and defining a cap interior; provided to said removable cap, a cap insert; provided to said cap insert, a connector defining plural needle cover gripping elements for gripping said needle cover and said connector defines a central hub and said plural needle cover gripping elements attached to said central hub and in spaced arrangement relative to each other; and one or more shoulder support features for supporting a forward shoulder of the syringe, wherein the connector locates within the removable cap such that the central hub of the connector is in spaced relationship with a forward end wall or surface of said cap interior and the plural needle cover gripping elements project away from said forward end wall or surface of the cap interior and towards the open end of the removable cap, wherein the removable cap is shaped to allow for limited axial travel of the cap insert there within, wherein said one or more shoulder support features are located between the needle cover and the forward shoulder of the syringe, and wherein said needle cover is provided with a needle sheath cover for covering the needle sheath thereof and the one or more shoulder support features located between said needle sheath cover and the forward shoulder of the syringe. 